The ABC innovations included electronic computation, binary arithmetic, parallel processing, regenerative capacitor memory, and a separation of memory and computing functions.

* Garbage collection consumes computing resources in deciding which memory to free, even though the programmer may have already known this information.

In the period since the 1970s database technology has kept pace with the increasing resources becoming available from the computing platform: notably the rapid increase in the capacity and speed ( and reduction in price ) of disk storage, and the increasing capacity of main memory.

* In parallel computing, all processors may have access to a shared memory to exchange information between processors.

* In distributed computing, each processor has its own private memory ( distributed memory ).

In particular, it has remained in broad use in the embedded computing world, though the recently developed EEMBC benchmark suite, HINT, Stream, and even Bytemark are widely quoted and used, as well as more specific benchmarks for the memory subsystem ( Cachebench ), TCP / IP ( TTCP ), and many others.

* Flash Translation Layer, a software layer used in computing to support normal file systems with flash memory

With knowledge of Alan Turing's theoretical ' universal computing machine ' John von Neumann defined an architecture which uses the same memory both to store programs and data: virtually all contemporary computers use this architecture ( or some variant ).

* Cache mapping, the mapping of main memory locations into entries of a cache ( computing )

** Chess Module-The Odyssey2 didn't have enough memory and computing power for a decent implementation of chess on its own, so the C7010 chess module contained a secondary CPU with its own extra memory to run the chess program.

In computing, virtual memory is a memory management technique developed for multitasking kernels.

x86-64 had been preceded by another architecture employing 64-bit memory addressing: Intel introduced Itanium in 2001 for the high-performance computing market.

In the early days of computing and data processing the CPU generally ran slower than its memory.

** Magnetic-core memory, in computing, the primary memory prior to semiconductor memory

In electronic systems and computing, firmware is the combination of persistent memory and program code and data stored in it.

In computing, the term endian or endianness refers to the ordering of individually addressable sub-components within the representation of a larger data item as stored in external memory ( or, sometimes, as sent on a serial connection ).

In computing, a core dump, memory dump, or storage dump consists of the recorded state of the working memory of a computer program at a specific time, generally when the program has terminated abnormally ( crashed ).

In human – computer interaction, computer accessibility ( also known as Accessible computing ) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment.

Enthusiast computing refers to a sub-culture of personal computer users who focus on extremely high-performance computers.

Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational problems.

Formally, there is a clear distinction: " DFT " refers to a mathematical transformation or function, regardless of how it is computed, whereas " FFT " refers to a specific family of algorithms for computing DFTs.

In computing as well as typography, the term " character " refers to a grapheme or grapheme-like unit of text, as found in natural language writing systems ( scripts ).

In quantum computing the phrase " cat state " often refers to the special entanglement of qubits wherein the qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1 ; e. g.,

* Computer science ( In computer science, especially parallel computing, synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task ; in order to obtain correct runtime order and avoid unexpected race conditions.

In computer networking, the term IP address spoofing or IP spoofing refers to the creation of Internet Protocol ( IP ) packets with a forged source IP address, called spoofing, with the purpose of concealing the identity of the sender or impersonating another computing system.

The term " near real-time " or " nearly real-time " ( NRT ), in telecommunications and computing, refers to the time delay introduced, by automated data processing or network transmission, between the occurrence of an event and the use of the processed data, such as for display or feedback and control purposes.

: This article refers to codes used as commands for computing devices.

In graphical computing, a desktop environment ( DE ) commonly refers to a particular implementation of graphical user interface ( GUI ) derived from the desktop metaphor that is seen on most modern personal computers.

In quantum computing the phrase " cat state " often refers to the special entanglement of qubits wherein the qubits are in an equal superposition of all being 0 and all being 1 ; i. e.,

In computing, cache coherence ( also cache coherency ) refers to the consistency of data stored in local caches of a shared resource.

In computing, Motif refers to both a graphical user interface ( GUI ) specification and the widget toolkit for building applications that follow that specification under the X Window System on Unix and other POSIX-compliant systems.

In computing, Lhasa () refers to two different applications.

: This article refers to beige boxes in personal computing.

In computing a closed system refers to software which the specifications and detail of implementation ( typically source code ) are kept secret, as opposed to open source systems.

In IBM PC compatible computing, DOS memory management refers to software and techniques employed to give applications access to more than 640 kibibytes ( KiB ) of " conventional memory ".

In human-computer interaction, computer accessibility ( also known as Accessible computing ) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment.

In computing, mass storage refers to the storage of large amounts of data in a persisting and machine-readable fashion.

In computing, JIS encoding refers to several Japanese Industrial Standards for encoding the Japanese language.

* End-user computing, refers to systems in which non-programmers can create working applications

In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a representation of an electronic document on physical media such as paper or transparency film.

In computing, e-Business, and information security, it is necessary to ensure that the data, transactions, communications or documents ( electronic or physical ) are genuine.

In modern computing and communications a few control characters, such as carriage return and line feed, have retained their original functions ( although they are often implemented in software rather than activating electromechanical mechanisms to move a physical printer carriage ) but many others are no longer required and are used for other purposes.

When primarily concerning the objects involved, it is also physical computing, the Internet of Things, haptic computing, and things that think.

Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling ( computing the structures and properties of chemical compounds, biological macromolecules, polymers, and crystals ), and physical simulations ( such as simulation of airplanes in wind tunnels, simulation of the detonation of nuclear weapons, and research into nuclear fusion ).

** More specifically, a physical address in some storage device or computing system

Undergraduate classes are in administration, system analysis, architecture, arts, accounting, biology, medicine, information science and library science, economics, theology, pharmacy, law, social sciences, literature, physical education, nursing, dentistry, physical therapy, speech therapy, nutrition science, engineering ( civil, electrical, environmental and sanitary, computing ), philosophy, geography, journalism, history, pedagogy, psychology, publicity, public relations, chemistry, social services, occupational therapy and tourism.

In computing, a serial port is a serial communication physical interface through which information transfers in or out one bit at a time ( in contrast to a parallel port ).

The Arduino physical computing platform is based on an ATmega328 microcontroller ( ATmega168 or ATmega8 in older board versions than the Diecimila ).

In computing, a parallel port is a parallel communication physical interface.

The outer product is useful in computing physical quantities ( e. g., the tensor of inertia ), and performing transform operations in digital signal processing and digital image processing.

Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling.

* Arduino physical computing / electronics toolkit for interactive objects and installations

Many interesting results in modern computing are closely related to this problem — reversible computing, quantum computing and physical limits to computing, are examples.

In computing, an electrical connector can also be known as a physical interface ( compare Physical Layer in OSI model of networking ).

In computing, a plug and play device or computer bus, is one with a specification that facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts.

In computing, a hardware random number generator is an apparatus that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program.

Soft computing for the intelligent robust control of a robotic unicycle with a new physical measure for mechanical controllability.

The fact that physical entropy is basically " used-up storage capacity " is a direct concern in the engineering of computing systems ; e. g., a computer must first remove the entropy from a given physical subsystem ( eventually expelling it to the environment, and emitting heat ) in order for that subsystem to be used to store some newly computed information.