Shortage of interrupt lines is a problem in older system designs where the interrupt lines are distinct physical conductors.

The increase in conductivity is also taken advantage of in RF engineering at VHF and higher frequencies, where conductors often cannot be scaled by 6 %, due to tuning requirements, e. g. cavity filters.

A thermocouple consists of two conductors of different materials ( usually metal alloys ) that produce a voltage in the vicinity of the point where the two conductors are in contact.

The most common cable format is star quad, where the diagonally opposite conductors form the pairs.

Simplex is also used to describe a powering method where one or more signal conductors carries direct current to power a remote device, which sends its output signal back on the same conductor.

Electrolytic conductors are used in electronic devices where the chemical reaction at a metal / electrolyte interface yields useful effects.

The above definition was specific to resistors or conductors with a uniform cross-section, where current flows uniformly through them.

Delius's first successes came in Germany, where Hans Haym and other conductors promoted his music from the late 1890s.

Leipzig was a major musical centre, where Nikisch and Mahler were conductors at the Opera House, and Brahms and Tchaikovsky conducted their works at the Gewandhaus.

Provided in either the age-hardenable condition or as tempered ware, they are used in springs and wire forms which are electrical conductors, or where retention of properties at elevated temperatures is important.

The antenna conductors have the lowest feed-point impedance at the resonant frequency where they are just under 1 / 4 wavelength long ; two such conductors in line fed differentially thus realizes the familiar " half-wave dipole ".

This effect is especially critical in printed circuits, where conductors are relatively small and close together, and inside an enclosure: the heat produced can melt the tracks.

In recent years a number of modern tram or Light Rail systems have introduced ( or re-introduced ) conductors to minimise fare evasion and to provide customer care, supervision and security functions, even in situations where a second crew member is not strictly needed.

One of the earliest descriptions of what could be called a flex circuit was unearthed by Dr Ken Gilleo and disclosed in an English patent by Albert Hansen in 1903 where Hansen described a construction consisting of flat metal conductors on paraffin coated paper.

( Any industrial environment where live electrical conductors can occur )

Schulz and Kunzen both gained importance as a result of their influence as chief conductors at the Royal Theatre where they brought the best of European music to Danish audiences.

Now affiliated with the SDSU School of Music and Dance, he spends his summers in Maine, where he is Musical Advisor of the Pierre Monteux School, coaches chamber ensembles, and works privately with conductors in their score study.

The symbol used to represent a gyrator in one-line diagrams ( where a waveguide or transmission line is shown as a single line rather than as a pair of conductors ), reflects this one-way phase shift.

In many countries where trains and urban transport tickets operate largely on the honor system ( with enforcement by roving inspectors or conductors ), there are also machines in stations ( or in vehicles ) just for validating tickets.

* The film, Brothers of the Borderland, tells the story of the Underground Railroad in Ripley, Ohio, where conductors both black-John Parker and white-Reverend John Rankin helped slaves such as a fictional Alice.

At first workers were recruited from occupations where skills were roughly analogous and transferable, that is, workshop mechanics from the iron, machine and building trades ; conductors from stagecoach drivers, steamship stewards and mail boat captains ; station masters from commerce and commission agencies ; and clerks from government offices.

) where resistance of conductors per unit length is given in ohms per thousand feet.

In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits, the positive charges are immobile, and the charge carriers are electrons.

Previously, researchers had to resort to insulated conductors of large dimensions to store a charge.

Lorentz showed, that this effect is canceled to first order by the electrostatic charge ( produced by Earth's motion ) upon the conductors.

Electrons within the conduction band are mobile charge carriers in solids, responsible for conduction of electric currents in metals and other good electrical conductors.

Naked wire also helps in dissipating the accumulated charge to spread to surface it touches, thus prevents built up of the charge on the conductors.

There are an additional two impeding mechanisms to be taken into account in AC circuits: the induction of voltages in conductors self-induced by the magnetic fields of currents ( inductance ), and the electrostatic storage of charge induced by voltages between conductors ( capacitance ).

Ohm's principle predicts the flow of electrical charge ( i. e. current ) in electrical conductors when subjected to the influence of voltage differences ; Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier's principle predicts the flow of heat in heat conductors when subjected to the influence of temperature differences.

Research further suggests that crystals which display triboluminescence must lack symmetry ( in order to permit charge separation ) and be poor conductors.

It is independent of the potential difference between the conductors and the total charge on them.

Monteux's successor with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Serge Koussevitsky, invited many guest conductors during his twenty-five years in charge ; Monteux was never among them, probably, in Canarina's view, because of Koussevitsky's jealousy.

In 1932 he was one of four conductors who took charge of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester in the absence of its principal conductor ; the other three substitutes were Sir Edward Elgar, Beecham and the young Barbirolli.

In opera performances, there were sometimes two conductors – the keyboard player was in charge of the singers, and the principal violinist was in charge of the orchestra.

Since the charge on the dielectric is not depleted in this process, the charge on the metal plate can be used for experiments, for example by touching it to metal conductors allowing the charge to drain away, and the uncharged metal plate can be placed back on the dielectric and the process repeated to get another charge.

Sections of the book included: Of electricity in general ; Of the electrical machine, with directions for exciting it ; The properties of electric attraction and repulsion illustrated by experiments with light bodies ; Entertaining experiments by the attraction and repulsion of light bodies, with some remarks on electrical attraction ; Of the electrical sparks ; Of the electrified points ; Of the Leyden phial ; Of the electrical battery, and the lateral explosion of charged jars ; Of the influence of pointed conductors for buildings ; To charge a plate of air ; Of the electrophorus ; Of atmospherical electricity ; Of the diffusion and subdivision of fluids by electricity ; Of the electric light in vacuo ; Of medical electricity ; Miscellaneous experiments and observations ; An essay on magnetism.

The underlying principle of so-called " imperfect contact " coherers is also not well understood, but may involve a kind of tunneling of charge carriers across an imperfect junction between conductors.

In physics, a charge carrier is a particle free to move, carrying an electric charge, especially the particles that carry electric currents in electrical conductors.

It can be seen that in some conductors, such as ionic solutions and plasmas, there are both positive and negative charge carriers, so an electric current in them consists of the two polarities of carrier moving in opposite directions.

In other conductors, such as metals, there are only charge carriers of one polarity, so an electric current in them just consists of charge carriers moving in one direction.

The requirement for samples of glow discharge atomizers is that they are electrical conductors.

Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions or " protons " which are mobile.

Eddy currents are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields.

Source and drain terminal conductors are connected to the semiconductor through ohmic contacts.

Inorganic salts typically are poor conductors in the solid state.

These compounds are known as fast ion conductors.

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves.

Metals are good conductors, making them valuable in electrical appliances and for carrying an electric current over a distance with little energy lost.

Metals are typically also good conductors of heat, but the conduction electrons only contribute partly to this phenomenon.

There are some materials like indium tin oxide ( ITO ) that are metallic conductors ( actually degenerate semiconductors ) for which this threshold is in the infrared, which is why they are transparent in the visible, but good mirrors in the IR.

Conductive polymers are lighter, more flexible, and less expensive than inorganic conductors.

Critics such as Norman Lebrecht were vocal in their diagnosis of the problem as the " jet set conductor " ( whose salaries were presumably bleeding the orchestras dry ); and several high-profile conductors have taken pay cuts in recent years ; but the amounts of revenue involved are too small to account for the crisis.

Some pieces are enormously complex in this regard, such as Evgeni Kostitsyn's Third Symphony, which calls for nine conductors.

In strong conductors ( metals ) electrons are so degenerate that they can not even contribute much to the thermal capacity of a metal.

Nonmetallic conductors, such as conductive plastic, are sometimes used.

The combined costs of conductors, structure and refrigerator for toroidal coils are dominated by the cost of the superconductor.

: Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors and a core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length.