Discounted cash flow analysis is widely used in investment finance, real estate development, and corporate financial management.

Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.

Managerial or corporate finance is the task of providing the funds for a corporation's activities ( for small business, this is referred to as SME finance ).

Financial risk management, an element of corporate finance, is the practice of creating and protecting economic value in a firm by using financial instruments to manage exposure to risk, particularly credit risk and market risk.

Finance is used by individuals ( personal finance ), by governments ( public finance ), by businesses ( corporate finance ) and by a wide variety of other organizations, including schools and non-profit organizations.

" Financial economics ", at least formally, also considers investment under " certainty " ( Fisher separation theorem, " theory of investment value ", Modigliani-Miller theorem ) and hence also contributes to corporate finance theory.

A term used in finance and corporate takeovers.

In terms of international comparison, with the most efficient and corruption-free application procedure, lowest income tax and lowest corporate tax as well as abundant and sustainable government finance that the government of Hong Kong consistently upheld the policy of encouraging ( and supporting ) activities of private businesses and this is having a sound impact on the overall economic performance by removing unnecessary barriers for the private enterprises in the Special Administrative Region.

Mergers and acquisitions ( abbreviated M & A ) is an aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling, dividing and combining of different companies and similar entities that can help an enterprise grow rapidly in its sector or location of origin, or a new field or new location, without creating a subsidiary, other child entity or using a joint venture.

In January 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners.

Replying to the “ Freedom Fries ” matter, wits suggested that the Fama-French model used in corporate finance be renamed the “ Fama-Freedom ” model.

As applied to corporate finance, risk management is the technique for measuring, monitoring and controlling the financial or operational risk on a firm's balance sheet.

The deal was brokered by Ingenious Media, a leading UK corporate finance advisory business.

In response to the Occupy Wall Street protests and the worldwide occupy movement calling for U. S. campaign finance reform eliminating corporate influence in politics, among other reforms, Representative Ted Deutch introduced the " Outlawing Corporate Cash Undermining the Public Interest in our Elections and Democracy " ( OCCUPIED ) constitutional amendment on November 18, 2011.

Typically they carry a lower rate of interest than corporate bonds, and serve as a source of finance for governments.

When governments devolve functions, they transfer authority for decision-making, finance, and management to quasi-autonomous units of local government with corporate status.

The corporate personhood aspect of the campaign finance debate turns on Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) and Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( 2010 ): Buckley ruled that political spending is protected by the First Amendment right to free speech, while Citizens United ruled that corporate political spending is protected, holding that corporations have a First Amendment right to free speech.

He designed consumer products, standardized parts, created clean-lined designs for the company's graphics, developed a consistent corporate identity, built the modernist landmark AEG Turbine Factory, and made full use of newly developed materials such as poured concrete and exposed steel.

* Chief Analytics Officer or CAO – high-level corporate manager with overall responsibility for the analysis and interpretation of data relevant to a company's activities ; generally reports to the CEO, or COO.

* Chief Information Officer or CIO – high-level corporate manager with overall responsibility for the company's information resources and processing environment ; generally reports to the CEO or COO.

* Chief Technology Officer or CTO ( sometimes Chief Technical Officer ) – high-level corporate officer responsible for the company's technology / R & D direction.

* A corporate or business function, a profit driven event meant to raise awareness of a company's brand and / or products & services.

Whilst the terms are often used interchangeably, branding is more strictly related to the identifying mark or trade name for a product or service, whereas corporate identity can have a broader meaning relating to the structure and ethos of a company, as well as to the company's external image.

Tony O ' Reilly left Heinz in 1998 after issues with the company's performance, and challenges from corporate governance groups and pension funds including CalPERS.

Special situations are events that impact the value of a company's stock, including the restructuring of a company or corporate transactions including spin-offs, share-buy-backs, security issuance / repurchase, asset sales, or other catalyst-oriented situations.

In the United States and Germany, for mandatory reporting purposes, corporate insiders are defined as a company's officers, directors and any beneficial owners of more than ten percent of a class of the company's equity securities.

This duty may be imputed ; for example, in many jurisdictions, in cases of where a corporate insider " tips " a friend about non-public information likely to have an effect on the company's share price, the duty the corporate insider owes the company is now imputed to the friend and the friend violates a duty to the company if he or she trades on the basis of this information.

If the information being conveyed is proprietary information and the corporate insider has contracted to not expose it, he has no more right to communicate it than he would to tell others about the company's confidential new product designs, formulas, or bank account passwords.

RIM sells BlackBerry Enterprise Server to corporations so that corporate BlackBerry users can wirelessly synchronize their PDAs with the company's Microsoft Exchange Server, IBM Lotus Domino, or Novell GroupWise servers.

The attitude of Railtrack's customers-the passenger and freight train operators-was much more cautious, especially as they were wary of a corporate structure under which shareholders ' equity was not at risk if the company's new management mis-managed its affairs.

Xerox remains the company's largest customer ( 50 %), but PARC has numerous other corporate and venture clients in different fields of use than Xerox including: VMware, Fujitsu, Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. ( DNP ), Samsung, NEC, SolFocus, Powerset, Thin Film Electronics ASA and many more.

* March 18-FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.

The company's corporate name was changed from Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven, Inc. in 1999.

On 1 July 2008 the MillerCoors company was formed as a joint venture with rival Molson Coors to consolidate the production and distribution of its products in the United States, with each parent company's corporate operations and international operations remaining separate and independent of the joint venture.

An individual or organization, sometimes known as corporate raider, can purchase a large fraction of the company's stock and, in doing so, get enough votes to replace the board of directors and the CEO.

By the end of the 1980s, management of many large publicly traded corporations reacted negatively to the threat of potential hostile takeovers or corporate raids and pursued drastic defensive measures, including poison pills, golden parachutes and increases in debt levels on the company's balance sheet.

By the end of the decade, management of many large publicly traded corporations reacted negatively to the threat of potential hostile takeover or corporate raid and pursued drastic defensive measures including poison pills, golden parachutes and increasing debt levels on the company's balance sheet.

One book suggests the following 7 advance planning steps: ( 1 ) develop an impressive management and professional team ; ( 2 ) grow the company's business with an eye to the public marketplace ; ( 3 ) obtain audited or auditable financial statements using IPO-accepted accounting principles ; ( 4 ) clean up the company's act ; ( 5 ) establish antitakeover defenses ; ( 6 ) develop good corporate governance ; ( 7 ) create insider bail-out opportunities and take advantage of IPO windows.

It suggests that during the next several months, through the spring of 1961, the demand for long-term capital funds may be moderately lower and that interest rates may tend to move a little lower, especially the rates on Federal, state, and local bonds, as well as those on publicly offered corporate bonds.

However, as witnessed by the large corporate bond calendar at present, as well as the record amount of municipal bond issues approved by voters, the over-all demands for capital funds seem likely to remain high, so that any downward pressure on rates from reduced demand should not be great.

The Bahamas has no income tax, corporate tax, capital gains tax, value-added tax ( VAT ), or wealth tax.

Ten years later, limited liability, the key provision of modern corporate law, passed into English law: in response to increasing pressure from newly emerging capital interests, Parliament passed the Limited Liability Act 1855, which established the principle that any corporation could enjoy limited legal liability on both contract and tort claims simply by registering as a " limited " company with the appropriate government agency.

Financial economics examines topics such as the structure of optimal portfolios, the rate of return to capital, econometric analysis of security returns, and corporate financial behavior.

Foreign lawyers have accompanied foreign capital and their clients to China which has had an immense influence on the promulgation of new Chinese laws based on international norms, especially in regards to intellectual property and corporate and securities law.

Primary markets create long term instruments through which corporate entities borrow from capital market.

De-industrialization is often integral to the growth of a divided white collar employment tertiary sector of industry, some of whom take the professional and management jobs that follow the spatial centralization of capital, i. e., corporations requiring that employees live near their workplace to reduce corporate decision-making time.

Neo-Marxist economists such as Bowles have argued that education does not lead to higher wages by increasing human capital, but rather by making workers more compliant and reliable in a corporate environment.

Financial capital can refer to money used by entrepreneurs and businesses to buy what they need to make their products or provide their services or to that sector of the economy based on its operation, i. e. retail, corporate, investment banking, etc.

Meanwhile, stock markets are more influenced by trust in corporate leaders, i. e. individual capital, by consumers, i. e. social capital or " brand capital " ( in some analyses ), and internal organizational efficiency, i. e. instructional capital and infrastructural capital.

The corporate bond market has been developing in line with the general trend of capital market, and equity market in particular.

Many of the corporate raiders of the 1980s were onetime clients of Michael Milken, whose investment banking firm, Drexel Burnham Lambert helped raise blind pools of capital which corporate raiders could use to make legitimate attempts to take over companies and provide high-yield debt financing of the buyouts.

This method provides capital for various corporate purposes through the issuance of equity ( see stock dilution ) without incurring any debt.

This business segment provides institutions with services such as capital raising and financial advisory services including mergers and acquisitions advisory, restructurings, real estate and project finance, and corporate lending.

Merton ’ s research focuses on finance theory including lifecycle finance, optimal intertemporal portfolio selection, capital asset pricing, pricing of options, risky corporate debt, loan guarantees, and other complex derivative securities.

Increased competitiveness, extra funding and support for the information technology sector and high-tech industries, improvements in infrastructure, deregulation of trade, investments and corporate laws-all increased foreign capital investment and set in motion an economic expansion.

Additionally, corporate treasury is responsible for an investment bank's funding, capital structure management, and liquidity risk monitoring.

Unable to meet the borrowing requests of all their corporate customers, commercial banks helped their “ best customers ” establish programs to borrow directly from the “ capital markets ” by issuing commercial paper.