The term is parallel to-ology in English, being used to construct the names of academic fields: the Chinese names of fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, political science, economics, and sociology all end in xué.

The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek (, " management of a household, administration ") from (, " house ") + (, " custom " or " law "), hence " rules of the house ( hold )".

Political economy was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the latter 19th century suggested ' economics ' as a shorter term for ' economic science ' that also avoided a narrow political-interest connotation and as similar in form to ' mathematics ', ' ethics ', and so forth.

The term demand-pull inflation is mostly associated with Keynesian economics.

In the field of public economics, the term may refer to the accumulation of both monetary and non-monetary consumption ability, with the former ( monetary ) being used as a proxy for total income.

The term " Gandhian economics " was coined by J. C. Kumarappa, a close supporter of Gandhi.

Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to economics focusing on the determination of prices, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand, often mediated through a hypothesized maximization of utility by income-constrained individuals and of profits by cost-constrained firms employing available information and factors of production, in accordance with rational choice theory.

Today it is usually used to refer to mainstream economics, although it has also been used as an umbrella term encompassing a number of other schools of thought, notably excluding institutional economics, various historical schools of economics, and Marxian economics, in addition to various other heterodox approaches to economics.

Though such reactors could be built with current or near term technology, they trigger little interest for reasons of economics, practicality, or safety.

Postmodernism is a general and wide-ranging term which is applied to many disciplines, including literature, art, economics, philosophy, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism.

Public affairs – catch-all term that includes public policy as well as public administration, both of which are closely related to and draw upon the fields of political science and economics.

" Social science " is commonly used as an umbrella term to refer to anthropology, archaeology, criminology, economics, education, history, linguistics, communication studies, political science and international relations, sociology, geography, law, social work and psychology.

Yet Schumpeter remained critical about Keynes's economics, linking Keynes's childlessness to what Schumpeter saw as an essentially short term view.

Author and political commentator William Safire, in his political dictionary, traced the term " trickle-down economics " ( common in the Reagan era ) to Bryan's statement that some believe that government should legislate for the wealthy, and allow prosperity to " leak through " on those below.

* Transparency ( market ), a term in economics

In economics, typically, the term market means the aggregate of possible buyers and sellers of a certain good or service and the transactions between them.

The free good is a term used in economics to describe a good that is not scarce.

In the late 19th century, the term economics came to replace political economy, coinciding with publication of an influential textbook by Alfred Marshall in 1890.

Earlier, William Stanley Jevons, a proponent of mathematical methods applied to the subject, advocated economics for brevity and with the hope of the term becoming " the recognised name of a science.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

One of the greatest obstacles to the achievement of this goal is the lack of trained men and women with the skill to teach the young and assist in the operation of development projects -- men and women with the capacity to cope with the demands of swiftly evolving economics, and with the dedication to put that capacity to work in the villages, the mountains, the towns and the factories of dozens of struggling nations.

In addition to mathematics and statistics, the arithmetic mean is used frequently in fields such as economics, sociology, and history, though it is used in almost every academic field to some extent.

While Swift ’ s proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, George Wittkowsky, author of " Swift ’ s Modest Proposal: The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet ", argues that to understand the piece fully, it is important to understand the economics of Swift ’ s time.

The Austrian School of economics is a school of economic thought positing that the only appropriate means to understand economic events is by logically studying the intentions of individual economic decision-makers, based on certain fundamental truths.

Freedom of thought is the only guarantee of the feasibility of a scientific democratic approach to politics, economics and culture.

In economics and finance, arbitrage () is the practice of taking advantage of a price difference between two or more markets: striking a combination of matching deals that capitalize upon the imbalance, the profit being the difference between the market prices.

In general, the difference between a statistics program and a biostatistics program is twofold: ( i ) statistics departments will often host theoretical / methodological research which are less common in biostatistics programs and ( ii ) statistics departments have lines of research that may include biomedical applications but also other areas such as industry ( quality control ), business and economics and biological areas other than medicine.

His most famous book in this area is The Skeptical Environmentalist, whose English translation was published as a work in environmental economics by Cambridge University Press in 2001.

Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

* Capital ( economics ), a factor of production that is not wanted for itself but for its ability to help in producing other goods

" Justice Holmes noted that study of maxims might be sufficient for " the man of the present ," but " the man of the future is the man of statistics and the master of economics.

From an economics viewpoint, there is a clear trade-off between cost per copy and cost of the printer.

Latour suggests that about 90 % of contemporary social criticism in academia displays one of two approaches which he terms “ the fact position and the fairy position .” ( p. 237 ) The fact position is anti-fetishist, arguing that “ objects of belief ” ( e. g., religion, arts ) are merely concepts onto which power is projected ; the “ fairy position ” argues that individuals are dominated, often covertly and without their awareness, by external forces ( e. g., economics, gender ).

In economics, currency is a generally accepted medium of exchange.

In economics, a local currency is a currency not backed by a national government, and intended to trade only in a small area.

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with physical science ( e. g., chemistry and physics ), and life sciences ( e. g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry ) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.

It is Liberal in the sense of economics.

It is a process whereby the metropole claims sovereignty over the colony, and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers from the metropole.

In 1963 Friedman and Schwartz proposed a positive feedback loop as a mechanism for catastrophic failures in economics: “ It happens that a liquidity crisis in a unit fractional reserve banking system is precisely the kind of event that trigger-and often has triggered-a chain reaction.

Other broad distinctions include those between positive economics ( describing " what is ") and normative economics ( advocating " what ought to be "); between economic theory and applied economics ; between rational and behavioral economics ; and between mainstream economics ( more " orthodox " and dealing with the " rationality-individualism-equilibrium nexus ") and heterodox economics ( more " radical " and dealing with the " institutions-history-social structure nexus ").

As expressed by E. Roy Weintraub, neoclassical economics rests on three assumptions, although certain branches of neoclassical theory may have different approaches:

Sraffian economists see the assumption of free entry and exit as characteristic of the theory of free competition in Classical economics, an approach that is not expressed in terms of schedules of supply and demand.

Early market socialism was expressed by Ricardian socialists, mutualists and individualist anarchists and was based on the theories of classical economics.

* Crack ( economics ), the value difference between crude oil and oil products or between different oil products, usually expressed as a per-barrel value

In his 1860 article “ Panarchy ” de Puydt, who also expressed support for laissez-faire economics, applied the concept to the individual's right to choose any form of government without being forced to move from their current locale.

In 1971, Herbert Simon, Nobel laureate in economics, elegantly expressed this point with respect to the resource of attention:

This is often misinterpreted as trickle-down economics ; Rawls ' argument is more accurately expressed as a system where wealth " diffuses up ".

Commentators generally praised Brash for his knowledge of economics, but expressed criticism of his inexperience in terms of political leadership.

In economics, when an agent is risk neutral, the loss function is simply expressed in monetary terms, such as profit, income, or end-of-period wealth.

In economics, nominal value refers to an economic value expressed in fixed nominal money terms ( that is, in units of a currency ) in a given year or series of years.

In a tax system and in economics, the tax rate describes the burden ratio ( usually expressed as a percentage ) at which a business or person is taxed.

An opponent of assisted suicide, Vlazny supported the unsuccessful repeal of the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, saying, " Many have expressed a dread about what will happen when the power over life and death may be put into the hands of a society that is driven by economics, expedience and efficiency, a society that flees from suffering, weakness or limitations of any kind.

He expressed particular concern with Harris's endorsement of big business and large corporations, noting that the transportation methods used by such entities are fundamentally at odds with environmental activism and community-oriented economics.

Though he remained well within the traditional stream of Catholic social and individual morality, his explanation of the origins of moral norms, as expressed in his encyclicals on economics and on sexual morality, for instance, was largely drawn from a personalist perspective.

During its start-up phase, management expressed concern over the economics of applying the low cost carrier model to transatlantic routes and instead repositioned the airline as a premium all-business-class service.