The U. S. argument was affirmed, however, by the dissenting opinion of ICJ member U. S. Judge Schwebel, who concluded that in supporting the contras, the U. S. acted lawfully in collective self-defence in El Salvador's support.

When the Court renders its decision, it will generally do so in a single majority opinion and one or more dissenting opinions.

The Thought Police are those who suppress all dissenting opinion.

A dissenting opinion is presented by followers of the Maliki school of Islamic jurisprudence, who argue that non-Muslims may not be allowed into mosques under any circumstances.

While only the majority opinion is considered precedential, an outvoted judge can still publish a dissenting opinion.

In his widely cited dissenting opinion in Olmstead v. United States ( 1928 ), Brandeis relied on thoughts he developed in his Harvard Law Review article in 1890.

On October 1, 2008, the Court declined to reconsider its opinion in this case, but did amend the majority and dissenting opinions in order to acknowledge that federal law.

Likewise, Justice Antonin Scalia has expressed the same view, in the dissenting opinion of Troxel v. Granville 530 U. S. 57 ( 2000 ):

In a separate dissenting opinion, Justice Stevens also challenged the virtue of an individual reward, analyzing it from the perspective of patent law.

However, the matter was addressed in separate and dissenting opinions, such as the separate opinion of President Guillaume who concluded that universal jurisdiction exists only in relation to piracy ; and the dissenting opinion of Judge Oda who recognised piracy, hijacking, terrorism and genocide as crimes subject to universal jurisdiction.

Justice Douglas, dissenting in Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander ( 337 U. S. 562, 1949 ), gave an opinion similar to, but shorter than, the one quoted above, to which Justice Black concurred.

Indeed, Chief Justice William Rehnquist repeatedly criticized the Court's invention of corporate constitutional " rights ," most famously in his dissenting opinion in the 1978 case First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti.

Justice Frank Murphy offered a dissenting opinion, stating that the Court was effectively giving the FCC a power to regulate networks which had not been given to the FCC by Congress.

* The concurring opinions of Burger and Douglas, as well as White's dissenting opinion, were issued along with Doe v. Bolton and may be found at:

" The Los Angeles Timess Kevin Thomas issued a dissenting opinion when he reviewed the shortened film, becoming one of its few American champions and calling it " a true screen epic.

These lists contain detailed tables about each term, including which Justices filed the Court's opinion, dissenting and concurring opinions in each case, and information about Justices joining opinions.

Justice Hamilton R. Gamble, a future governor of the state, sharply disagreed with the majority decision and wrote a dissenting opinion.

He is also memorialized there with an official Michigan Historical Marker and a plaque from the State Bar of Michigan for " Michigan Legal Milestones ", namely, his dissenting opinion in Korematsu v. United States, protesting the decision to uphold exclusion orders imposed upon persons of Japanese descent during World War II.

Justice O ' Connor, dissenting in Gonzalez ( transcript ), began her opinion by citing United States v. Lopez, which she followed with a federalist reference to Justice Louis Brandeis's dissenting opinion in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann.

Chief Justice John Roberts rejected this reasoning and this rationale was not cited in any dissenting justice opinions.

The decision was rendered 5-4, with Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase and Justices Wayne, Swayne and Miller dissenting, and Chief Justice Chase pronouncing a forcible protest.

Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Associate Justices William H. Rehnquist ( later Chief Justice ) and Byron White issued dissenting opinions.

Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, dissenting, argued that " the imperative of a free and unfettered press comes into collision with another imperative, the effective functioning of a complex modern government ", that there should be a detailed study on the effects of these actions.

Minton joined with Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson and Justice Stanley Forman Reed in the dissenting opinion that the President had the authority through the war powers clause of the constitution.

Chief Justice Taft, dissenting, argued that there was no distinction between minimum wage laws and maximum hour laws, considering that these essentially both add up to restrictions on the contract.

In the 1978 case of Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, the Supreme Court, in a 6-2 opinion authored by Justice William Rehnquist concluded that tribal courts do not have jurisdiction over non-Indians ( the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at that time, Warren Burger, and Justice Thurgood Marshall filed a dissenting opinion ).

In 1898 Harlan joined Chief Justice Fuller's dissent in United States v. Wong Kim Ark, dissenting from the Court's holding that persons of Chinese descent born in the United States were citizens by birth.

The court opinion was written by William Rehnquist ; a dissenting opinion was written by Thurgood Marshall, who was joined by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger.

Chief Justice Warren E. Burger joined the dissenting opinion.

* Justice Kennedy, joined by the Chief Justice, issued a 68-page dissenting opinion and appendix, noting that BCRA forces " speakers to abandon their own preference for speaking through parties and organizations.

A dissenting opinion was written by Chief Justice Rehnquist, joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas.

The Alabama Supreme Court ruled 6-1 that the trial was fair ( the strongly dissenting opinion was from Chief Justice Anderson ).

Ghulam Muhammad emerged victorious when the Chief Justice Muhammad Munir upheld the dismissal in a split decision, despite the dissenting opinion written by the renowned Justice ( later Chief Justice ) A. R. Cornelius, and despite protests from the members of the Assembly.

Field, and Chief Justice Melville Fuller dissenting.

The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice William Brennan, while dissenting opinions were filed by Justices Hugo Black and Potter Stewart and Chief Justice Warren Burger.

The dissenting opinions, on the other hand, disagreed with Chief Justice Rehnquist: Justice Stevens wrote "... the voluntary character of the private choice to prefer a parochial education over an education in the public school system seems to me quite irrelevant to the question whether the government's choice to pay for religious indoctrination is constitutionally permissible.

At the conclusion of confirmation hearings, the Senate voted on June 21, 2007, to confirm Rabner as Chief Justice by a 36-1 margin, with Gill casting the lone dissenting vote, citing Rabner's lack of judicial experience and the fact that he had never argued a case in New Jersey's courts.

Chief Justice Burger filed a dissenting opinion, in which Justices Powell, Rehnquist, and O ' Connor joined.

Justice Rehnquist filed a dissenting opinion, in which Chief Justice Burger and Justice Powell joined.

Justice Breyer, who dissented, wrote in his most recent book that if he could change three of his dissenting opinions ( while on the Supreme Court ) into a majority, this would be one of them.

However, a dissenting school of thought often found in the opinions of Justice Antonin Scalia is that searches must simply be " reasonable ," and the warrant requirement has been overly emphasized.

Nonetheless, these justices ' rulings have continued to affirm the assumption of corporate personhood, as the Waite court did, and Justice Rehnquist himself eventually endorsed overruling " Austin ," dissenting in McConnell v. FEC.

In Snyder v. Phelps ( 2011 ), dissenting Justice Samuel Alito likened the protests of the Westboro Baptist Church members to fighting words and of a personal character, and thus not protected speech.

See San Diego Gas & Electric Co. v. City of San Diego, 450 U. S. 621, 638 n. 2 ( 1981 ) ( Justice Brennan dissenting ); United States v. Clarke, 445 U. S. 253, 257 ( 1980 ); Agins v. City of Tiburon, 447 U. S. 255, 258 n. 2 ( 1980 ).

Justice Douglas ' dissenting opinion held that:

In Poe, Justice John Marshall Harlan II filed one of the most cited dissenting opinions in Supreme Court history.

In California v. Minjares, Justice William Rehnquist, in a dissenting opinion, wrote " he most comprehensive study on the exclusionary rule is probably that done by Dallin Oaks for the American Bar Foundation in 1970.

" Justice O ' Connor in her dissenting opinion also stated that " a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory ; and try novel social and economic experiments ," and that " his case exemplifies the role of states as laboratories.