In algorithmic information theory ( a subfield of computer science ), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is a measure of the computational resources needed to specify the object.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

In the 1970s, Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake were among the first to analyze links between aesthetics, information processing, and information theory.

This is closely related to the principles of algorithmic information theory and minimum description length.

This was based on lack of intelligence information and reflected the American nuclear warfare theory and military doctrines.

In information theory, one bit is typically defined as the uncertainty of a binary random variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known.

Researchers at Bell developed radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the UNIX operating system, the C programming language and the C ++ programming language.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

Shannon's work on information theory showed that to achieve so called perfect secrecy, it is necessary for the key length to be at least as large as the message to be transmitted and only used once ( this algorithm is called the One-time pad ).

This is totally spurious, since no matter who measured first the other will measure the opposite spin despite the fact that ( in theory ) the other has a 50 % ' probability ' ( 50: 50 chance ) of measuring the same spin, unless data about the first spin measurement has somehow passed faster than light ( of course TI gets around the light speed limit by having information travel backwards in time instead ).

* Algorithmic information theory

* MR2 turbo information and technical photographs

Belief propagation is commonly used in artificial intelligence and information theory and has demonstrated empirical success in numerous applications including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, free energy approximation, and satisfiability.

Fiat Powertrain Technologies released information about new twin stage turbo ( twin turbo ) version of this engine in summer 2007, engine is available with two power levels, first one is producing and second one, both have a maximum torque output of at 2000 rpm.

N11 prefixes such as 211, 311 and 511 are also often disappearing as test numbers as these codes are reassigned to local services such as community information, city hall, road conditions or non-emergency police inquiries.

This understanding has led to the notion that all the information needed for proteins to assume their native state was encoded in the primary structure of the protein, and hence in the DNA that codes for the protein, the so called " Anfinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis ".

Public payphones that accept credit cards use these additional codes to send the information from the magnetic strip.

The ASCII codes for the word " Wikipedia ", given here in Binary numeral system | binary, provide a way of representing the word in information theory, as well as for information-processing algorithm s.

The text sections giving extra information on each diagnosis were updated, as were some of the diagnostic codes to maintain consistency with the ICD.

A third class of information theory codes are cryptographic algorithms ( both codes and ciphers ).

CD-ROM Mode 1, usually used for computer data, divides the 2352 byte data area defined by the Red Book standards into 12 bytes of synchronization information, 4 bytes of header data, 2048 bytes of user data and 288 bytes of error correction and detection codes.

It carries all the routing information needed to get a payment from one bank to another wherever it may be ; it contains all the key bank account details such as Bank Identifier Codes, branch codes ( known as sort codes in the UK and Ireland ) and account numbers and it contains check digits which can be validated at source according to a single standard procedure.

Sellers tend to rely on secondary information such as where a person lives ( postal codes ); for example, catalog retailers can use mail high-priced catalogs to high-income postal codes.

In this example, geographical information is given according to ZIP codes.

It was a big breakthrough for the theory of quantum information, when quantum error correction codes and fault-tolerant quantum computation schemes were discovered.

The use of markup tags and codes remains popular today in some applications due to their ability to store complex formatting information.

Other examples of fishing terms that carry a negative connotation are: " fishing for compliments ", " to be fooled hook, line and sinker " ( to be fooled beyond merely " taking the bait "), and the internet scam of Phishing in which a third party will duplicate a website where the user would put sensitive information ( such as bank codes ).

In 1999, Los Alamos scientist Wen Ho Lee was accused of 59 counts of mishandling classified information by downloading nuclear secrets —" weapons codes " used for computer simulations of nuclear weapons tests — to data tapes and removing them from the lab.

Most codes and standards recognize that wind tunnel testing can produce reliable information for designers, especially when their projects are in complex terrain or on exposed sites.

CRCs are so called because the check ( data verification ) value is a redundancy ( it adds no information to the message ) and the algorithm is based on cyclic codes.

Usually, a company logo, alphanumeric codes and sometimes words are printed on top of the package to identify its manufacturer and type, when it was made ( usually as a year and a week number ), sometimes where it was made, and other proprietary information ( perhaps revision numbers, manufacturing plant codes, or stepping ID codes.

The original information may or may not appear literally in the encoded output ; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are non-systematic.

The control information provides data the network needs to deliver the user data, for example: source and destination addresses, error detection codes like checksums, and sequencing information.

Channel 4 originally licensed an ancillary teletext service to provide schedules, programme information and features.

CESG ( originally Communications-Electronics Security Group ) is the branch of GCHQ which works to secure the communications and information systems of the government and critical parts of UK national infrastructure.

Despite this new information, Schreiber decided to continue with the rescue operation as originally planned and the new information could not reach the snipers since they had no radios.

In his History of the World ( written c. 1616 ) Sir Walter Raleigh erroneously asserted ( attributing the information to Johannes Nauclerus c. 1425-1510 ), that Nineveh had originally had the name Campsor before Ninus supposedly rebuilt it.

There is not any information of the older cult, and it seems that the Cabeiri were originally wine-daemons.

The " Ministry of press and information of the RSFSR " was in 1990s renamed to " Ministry of Press, Broadcasting and Mass Communications ( Minpechati )" and in 2004 it was turned into the " Federal Agency on Press and Mass Communications ( Rospechat )" which was no longer a standalone ministry but a subdivision to the " Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications " ( originally " Ministry of culture of the RSFSR ").

It was originally developed in the late 1980s for six European languages by the EEC ESPRIT information technology research and development program.

#: Around 1983 – 1984 a new color identification standard (" Line SECAM or SECAM-H ") has been introduced in order to make more space available inside the signal for adding teletext information ( originally according to the Antiope standard ).

Nothing is known about his teachings, and there is no unchallenged authority for information about his life, although it is accepted that Christianity originally reached Ireland from Scotland, from which Saint Columba hailed, making Ninian the grandfather of Christianity in Scotland and more important figure in Scottish ecclesiastical history-and arguably a far better candidate for Patron Saint than Saint Andrew.

SOAP, originally defined as Simple Object Access Protocol, is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of Web Services in computer networks.

It was originally intended that CERN host the European branch of W3C ; however, CERN wished to focus on particle physics, not information technology.

See Early Cyrillic alphabet for a detailed description of the script and information about the sounds it originally expressed.

: Many of these articles were originally based on information from the 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.

Factual information about the peopling of Madagascar remains incomplete, but much recent multidisciplinary research and work in archaeology, genetics, linguistics, and history confirms that the Malagasy people were originally and overwhelmingly Austronesian, native to the Indonesian archipelago.

This protocol, known as BB84 after its inventors and year of publication, was originally described using photon polarization states to transmit the information.

The most common originally was to use a single image sensor with three filters ( once again red, green and blue ) passed in front of the sensor in sequence to obtain the additive color information.

This British military operation was originally planned for the night of 9 / 10 February 1943 as a set of simultaneous raids on Herm, Jethou and Brecqhou to take prisoners and gain general information about the situation in the occupied Channel Islands.

* This entry adapts some information originally from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

AT & T originally built the system to develop " marketing leads ", but the FBI has regularly requested such information from phone companies such as AT & T without a warrant, and after using the data stores all information received in its own databases, regardless of whether or not the information was ever useful in an investigation.

Because they were taken from PAL-based transfers, without correction, these releases exhibit the so-called " 576i speedup " effect in which the soundtrack plays 4 % too fast resulting in the pitch being a half-step higher than it was originally ( see PAL and Telecine for more information ).

It originally was a functioning water tower which was slated for demolition until Ralph Britten bought it and moved it to serve as a sign for his truck stop and tourist information center ( located on a stretch of interstate that was once a part of U. S. Route 66 ).

The physician whom the nurses originally filed a formal complaint against was indicted on felony retaliation and misuse of official information charges.