Anthropological linguistics studies these distinctions, and relates them to types of societies and to actual bodily adaptation to the senses, much as it studies distinctions made in languages regarding the colours of the rainbow: seeing the tendency to increase the diversity of terms, as evidence that there are distinctions that bodies in this environment must make, leading to situated knowledge and perhaps a situated ethics, whose final evidence is the differentiated set of terms used to denote " we ".

* Branching ( linguistics ), the general tendency towards a given order of words within sentences and smaller grammatical units within sentences

There is a tendency for inter-paradigm critiques to focus on a number of assumptions that are commonly associated with P & P, but which actually are common to Chomskyan generative linguistics as a whole.

But it is worth pondering that very little has been published on any phase of field techniques in linguistics.

The joint investigations of linguistics and psychiatry have established, in point of fact, that no matter what the subject of conversation is or what words are involved, it is impossible for people to talk at all without telling over and over again what sort of people they are and how they relate to the rest of the world.

In the United States, anthropology is traditionally divided into five sub-fields, each with additional branches: biological or physical anthropology, social anthropology or cultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics.

In linguistics, an allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme.

In linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ) is a cases ( noun inflections ) in various languages whose common characteristic is that inter alia they mark motion away from something, though the details in each language may differ.

Abstraction is frequently applied in linguistics so as to allow phenomena of language to be analyzed at the desired level of detail.

When murmur is included under the term aspiration, as is common in Indo-Aryan linguistics, " voiceless aspiration " is called just that to avoid ambiguity.

This debate is analogous to that surrounding the Sapir – Whorf hypothesis in linguistics and cognitive science, which postulates that a particular spoken language's nature influences the habitual thought of its speakers.

Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.

Computational linguistics as a field predates artificial intelligence, a field under which it is often grouped.

Nowadays research within the scope of computational linguistics is done at computational linguistics departments, computational linguistics laboratories, computer science departments, and linguistics departments .< ref >

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field with contributors from various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, linguistics, philosophy of mind, computer science, anthropology, sociology, and biology.

The study of language processing in cognitive science is closely tied to the field of linguistics.

In linguistics, a copula ( plural: copulas or copulae ) is a word used to link the subject of a sentence with a predicate ( a subject complement ).

In linguistics, a collective noun is the name of a number ( or collection ) of people or things taken together and spoken of as one whole.

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

In linguistics, creaky voice ( sometimes called laryngealisation, pulse phonation, vocal fry, or glottal fry ), is a special kind of phonation in which the arytenoid cartilages in the larynx are drawn together ; as a result, the vocal folds are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact.

Westermann is seen as one of the founders of modern African linguistics.

Computational linguistics has theoretical and applied components, where theoretical computational linguistics takes up issues in theoretical linguistics and cognitive science, and applied computational linguistics focuses on the practical outcome of modelling human language use.

Computational linguistics originated with efforts in the United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English.

In linguistics, some authors use the term phrase structure grammar to refer to context-free grammars, whereby phrase structure grammars are distinct from dependency grammars.

* English as a lingua franca, a linguistics term for the use of English between speakers of different varieties of English, describing communication that involves people who do not consider English their first language

In many language descriptions, particularly those of traditional European linguistics, the term tense is erroneously used to refer to categories that do not have time reference as their prototypical use, but rather are grammaticalisations of mood / modality ( e. g. uncertainty, possibility, evidentiality ) or aspect ( e. g. frequency, completion, duration ).

The term ' family ' comes from the tree model of language origination in historical linguistics, which makes use of a metaphor comparing languages to people in a biological family tree or in a subsequent modification to species in a phylogenetic tree of evolutionary taxonomy.

Some use " lexicology " as a synonym for theoretical lexicography ; others use it to mean a branch of linguistics pertaining to the inventory of words in a particular language.

Although Chomsky's theory of a generative grammar has been popular with some linguists since the 1950s, many criticisms of the basic assumptions of generative theory have been put forth by cognitive-functional linguistics, who argue that language structure is created through language use.

* Meaning ( linguistics ), ng which is communicated through the use of languages known as

He rejects the use of formal logic in linguistic theories as " irrelevant to the understanding of language " and the use of such approaches as " disastrous for linguistics ".

For this reason Ganda linguists use the orthogonal numbering system when discussing Ganda grammar ( other than in the context of Bantu comparative linguistics ), giving the 10 traditional noun classes of that language.

( 2007 ) it means the systematic use of sound to encode meaning in any spoken human language, or the field of linguistics studying this use.

A noteworthy example is the use of two prayers in Punic in Poenulus, spoken by the Carthaginian elder Hanno, which are significant to Semitic linguistics because they preserve the Carthaginian pronunciation of the vowels.

The new linguistic turn, through the rise of semiotics as well as of structural linguistics, brought to the fore a new interest in figures of speech as signs, the metaphor in particular ( in the works of Roman Jakobson, Michel Charles, Gérard Genette ) while famed Structuralist Roland Barthes, a classicist by training, perceived how some basic elements of rhetoric could be of use in the study of narratives, fashion and ideology.

In the late 1950s and early ' 60s, when structural linguistics was facing serious challenges from the likes of Noam Chomsky and thus fading in importance in linguistics, an array of scholars in the humanities borrowed Saussure's concepts for use in their respective fields of study.

: Marksizm i Filosofiya Yazyka ) developed a counter-Saussurean linguistics, which situated language use in social process rather than in an entirely decontexualized Saussurean langue.

In any of several studies that treat the use of signs-for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, and semiotics-the extension of a concept, idea, or sign consists of the things to which it applies, in contrast with its comprehension or intension, which consists very roughly of the ideas, properties, or corresponding signs that are implied or suggested by the concept in question.

Second, based on cognitive linguistics ' analysis of figurative language, he argues that the reasoning we use for such abstract topics as warfare, economics, or morality is somehow rooted in the reasoning we use for such mundane topics as spatial relationships.

Even beginning students in linguistics are made familiar with an appreciable variety of consonant systems, both in their general outlines and in many specific details.

* Argument ( linguistics ), a phrase that appears in a syntactic relationship with the verb in a clause

This led him to begin studying linguistics with Edward Sapir at Yale University while still maintaining his day job at the Hartford Fire Insurance Company.

By comparison Whorf's other work in linguistics, the development of such concepts as the allophone and the cryptotype, and the formulation of " Whorf's law " in Uto-Aztecan historical linguistics, have met with broad acceptance.

He enrolled in a program of graduate studies, nominally working towards a PhD in linguistics, but he never actually attempted to obtain a degree, satisfying himself with participating in the intellectual community around Sapir.

Besides many pseudoscientific comparisons, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families.

Contrary to the above, the Expositor's Bible Commentary ( Zondervan, 1990 ) says that the language of Daniel, in comparison with the Hebrew and Aramaic texts of the Hellenistic period, " prove quite conclusively to any scholar that the second-century date and Palestinian provenance of the Book of Daniel cannot be upheld any longer without violence being done to the science of linguistics.

Computational linguists often work as members of interdisciplinary teams, including linguists ( specifically trained in linguistics ), language experts ( persons with some level of ability in the languages relevant to a given project ), and computer scientists.

When artificial intelligence came into existence in the 1960s, the field of computational linguistics became that sub-division of artificial intelligence dealing with human-level comprehension and production of natural languages.

These metrical inconsistencies ( along with a knowledge of comparative linguistics ) have led scholars to infer the presence of a lost digamma in the original Ionic text of the poem.

Their paper is often credited with reviving the interest in evolutionary linguistics.

A relationship with Albanian in particular has been advanced by Zecharia Mayani, as well as earlier writers such as Ascoli, 1877, E. Schneider, 1889, Thomopoulos, 1912, Buonamici, 1919 ; but Albanian is known to be an Indo-European language, and widely considered in linguistics to be an isolate.

In contrast to the Freudian school's individualistic style of analysis, this practice studied the dynamics of several subjects in complex interaction ; it led Guattari into a broader philosophical exploration of, and political engagement with, a vast array of intellectual and cultural domains ( philosophy, ethnology, linguistics, architecture, etc.

The former can be used synonymously with " fricative ", or ( as in e. g. Uralic linguistics ) to refer to non-sibilant fricatives only.

* Genetic ( linguistics ), in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language

As of 1987, he replaced the term " mass comparison " with " multilateral comparison ", to emphasize its contrast with the bilateral comparisons recommended in linguistics textbooks.