In the novel The Shape of Things to Come, published in 1933, H. G. Wells depicted Basic English as the lingua franca of a new elite which after a prolonged struggle succeeds in uniting the world and establishing a totalitarian world government.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

More recently, there have been proposals for English as a lingua franca ( ELF ).

Here English may serve as a useful lingua franca between ethnic and language groups.

Research on English as a lingua franca in the sense of " English in the Expanding Circle " is comparatively recent.

It is certainly also commonly used in connection with the acquisition, use, and study of English as the world's lingua franca (' TEIL: Teaching English as an International Language '), and especially when the language is considered as a whole in contrast with British English, American English, South African English, and the like.

Swahili is compulsory in primary education, and, along with English, serves as the main lingua franca between the various ethnic groups.

The English word " language " derives ultimately from Indo-European " tongue, speech, language " through Latin lingua, " language, tongue ", and Old French langage " language ".

Due to English being the foundation-language, or lingua franca, of most computer programming languages these variables are also commonly seen even in programs and examples of programs written for other spoken-language audiences.

Arabic is the official language and English is the lingua franca of business.

Against the grain of Indian politicians of the time, Gandhi wore Indian-style clothes and emphasised the use of one's mother tongue or any Indian language as opposed to English — the lingua franca of India's intellectuals.

For example, English is a vernacular in the United Kingdom, but is used as a vehicular language ( that is, a lingua franca ) in the Philippines.

The term lingua franca is first recorded in English in 1678.

The flourishing of the mainly English-based Tok Pisin in German New Guinea ( despite the language of the metropolitan power being German ) is to be contrasted with Hiri Motu, the lingua franca of Papua, which was derived not from English but from Motu, the vernacular of the indigenous people of the Port Moresby area.

Since the establishment of CARICOM by the mainly English Creole-speaking parts of the Caribbean region CARICOM has become multilingual in practice with the addition of Dutch speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995 ( although the lingua franca in Suriname is Sranan Tongo, which is an English-based Creole like the languages spoken in much of the rest of CARICOM ) and Haiti, where French and Haitian Creole are spoken, on 2 July 2002.

In old Malaya, English was the language of the British administration whilst Malay was spoken as the lingua franca of the street.

In the real world, Tok Pisin is an English-based language used as a lingua franca in New Guinea, although it has no relation to the mangled English used in the Tintin books.

Additionally, many speak Swahili and English as lingua franca, the two official languages of Kenya.

Computational linguistics originated with efforts in the United States in the 1950s to use computers to automatically translate texts from foreign languages, particularly Russian scientific journals, into English.

As well as and in parallel with his role at SIL, Pike spent thirty years at the University of Michigan, during which time he served as chairman of its linguistics department, professor of linguistics, and director of its English Language Institute ( he did pioneering work in the field of English language learning and teaching )

Apart from his parents ' native languages Russian and Yiddish and his adopted language Polish, his linguistics attempts were also aided by his mastering of German, a good passive understanding of Latin, Hebrew and French, and a basic knowledge of Greek, English and Italian.

In linguistics, a numeral is a word class ( part of speech ) of number words, specifically of counting words such as English ' two ', ' eleven ', and ' seventy-seven '.

It is based on a corpus linguistics analysis of Oxford's 200 million word database of contemporary American English.

Two professors of linguistics have claimed that de Vere wrote not only the works of Shakespeare, but most of what is memorable in English literature during his lifetime, with such names as Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe, Philip Sidney, John Lyly, George Peele, George Gascoigne, Raphael Holinshed, Robert Greene, Thomas Phaer, and Arthur Golding being among dozens of further pseudonyms of de Vere.

In British English usage, and in British academia, " philology " remains largely synonymous with " historical linguistics ", while in US English, and US academia, the wider meaning of " study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition " remains more widespread.

In specific disciplines, Stanford was ranked in English ( in the United States ), in modern languages ( 7 ), in history ( 8 ), in philosophy ( 4 ), in geography & area studies ( 4 ), in linguistics ( 3 ), in computer science ( 2 ), in civil & structural engineering ( 2 ), in chemical engineering ( 3 ), in electrical engineering ( 2 ), in mechanical, aeronautical, & manufacturing engineering, in medicine ( 3 ), in biological sciences ( 3 ), in chemistry ( 4 ), in physics and astronomy ( 4 ), in metallurgy ( 4 ), in mathematics ( 3 ), in environmental sciences ( 4 ), in earth and marine sciences ( 6 ), in psychology ( 2 ), in sociology ( 4 ), in statistics, in politics and international studies ( 4 ), in law ( 3 ), in economics ( 3 ), and in account and finance.

" Anglo-Saxon " in linguistics is still used as a term for the original West Germanic component of the modern English language, which was later expanded and developed through the influence of Old Norse and Norman French, though linguists now more often refer to it as Old English.

Within corpus linguistics there are divergent views as to the value of corpus annotation, from John Sinclair advocating minimal annotation and allowing texts to ' speak for themselves ', to others, such as the Survey of English Usage team ( based in University College, London ) advocating annotation as a path to greater linguistic understanding and rigour.

A landmark in modern corpus linguistics was the publication by Henry Kucera and W. Nelson Francis of Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English in 1967, a work based on the analysis of the Brown Corpus, a carefully compiled selection of current American English, totalling about a million words drawn from a wide variety of sources.

Gearreald, Agnes Scott's first blind student, went on to earn a master's and doctorate from Harvard University in English literature and linguistics, and a juris doctorate from Duke University.

The Sound Pattern of English ( frequently referred to as SPE ) is a 1968 work on phonology ( a branch of linguistics ) by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle.

In criticizing The Elements of Style, Geoffrey Pullum, professor of linguistics at Edinburgh University, and co-author of The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language ( 2002 ), said that: Pullum noted, for example, that the authors misunderstood what constitutes the passive voice, and he criticized their proscription of established and unproblematic English usages, such as the split infinitive and the use of which in a restrictive relative clause.

The first use of the term " anthropology " in English to refer to a natural science of humanity was apparently in 1593, the first of the " logies " to be coined.

In more modern English usage, the term " adobe " has come to include a style of architecture popular in the desert climates of North America, especially in New Mexico.

" The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson's The Cometeers ( 1936 ) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton's Captain Future ( 1940 – 1944 ).

The al-prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an " allegation " ( the French allegeance comes from the English ).

The term allegiance was traditionally often used by English legal commentators in a larger sense, divided by them into natural and local, the latter applying to the deference which even a foreigner must pay to the institutions of the country in which he happens to live.

Jean-Robert Argand introduced the term " module " ' unit of measure ' in French in 1806 specifically for the complex absolute value and it was borrowed into English in 1866 as the Latin equivalent " modulus ".

The term " absolute value " has been used in this sense since at least 1806 in French and 1857 in English.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines the older broad meanings of the term " artist ":

In modern English, " Americans " generally refers to residents of the United States, and among native speakers of English this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification of the subject under discussion.

The earliest recorded use of this term in English is in Thomas Hacket's 1568 translation of André Thévet's book on France Antarctique ; Thévet himself had referred to the natives as Ameriques.

The earliest recorded use of this term in English dates to 1648, in Thomas Gage's The English-American: A New Survet of the West Indies.

English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Hebrew, Arabic, Portuguese, and Russian speakers may use the term American to refer to either inhabitants of the Americas or to U. S. nationals.

For the country there is the term Usono, cognate with the English word Usonia later popularized by Frank Lloyd Wright.

While Wesley freely made use of the term " Arminian ," he did not self-consciously root his soteriology in the theology of Arminius but was highly influenced by 17th-century English Arminianism and thinkers such as John Goodwin, Jeremy Taylor and Henry Hammond of the Anglican " Holy Living " school, and the Remonstrant Hugo Grotius.

In English, the term Arabic numerals can be ambiguous.

The term was popularized by G. L. Trager and Bernard Bloch in a 1941 paper on English phonology and went on to become part of standard usage within the American structuralist tradition.

In other instances, it either shares a term with American English, as with truck ( UK: lorry ) or eggplant ( UK: aubergine ), or sometimes with British English, as with mobile phone ( US: cell phone ) or bonnet ( US: hood ).

The term " morphine ", used in English and French, was given by the French physicist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac ).

The most common use of the term is in the case of English peerage dignities.

The English word " amputation " was first applied to surgery in the 17th century, possibly first in Peter Lowe's A discourse of the Whole Art of Chirurgerie ( published in either 1597 or 1612 ); his work was derived from 16th century French texts and early English writers also used the words " extirpation " ( 16th century French texts tended to use extirper ), " disarticulation ", and " dismemberment " ( from the Old French desmembrer and a more common term before the 17th century for limb loss or removal ), or simply " cutting ", but by the end of the 17th century " amputation " had come to dominate as the accepted medical term.