In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.

The term may be also used loosely or metaphorically to denote highly skilled people in any non -" art " activities, as well — law, medicine, mechanics, or mathematics, for example.

Abstraction in mathematics is the process of extracting the underlying essence of a mathematical concept, removing any dependence on real world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract descriptions of equivalent phenomena.

In mathematics, specifically general topology and metric topology, a compact space is a mathematical space in which any infinite collection of points sampled from the space must — as a set — be arbitrarily close to some point of the space.

In mathematics, depending on the context, a collection may refer to any of the following terms:

He did not want any of his sons to enter mathematics or science for " fear of lowering the family name ".

In mathematics, particularly theoretical computer science and mathematical logic, the computable numbers, also known as the recursive numbers or the computable reals, are the real numbers that can be computed to within any desired precision by a finite, terminating algorithm.

Aside from these core elements, a civilization is often marked by any combination of a number of secondary elements, including a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and tort-based legal systems, characteristic art and architecture, mathematics, enhanced scientific understanding, metallurgy, political structures, and organized religion.

In mathematics, any vector space, V, has a corresponding dual vector space ( or just dual space for short ) consisting of all linear functionals on V. Dual vector spaces defined on finite-dimensional vector spaces can be used for defining tensors.

* Change of any variable quantity, in mathematics and the sciences ( More specifically, the difference operator.

In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a space or object is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it.

This experimental fact is highly reproducible, and the mathematics of quantum mechanics ( see below ) allows us to predict the exact probability of an electron striking the screen at any particular point.

In mathematics and computational geometry, a Delaunay triangulation for a set P of points in a plane is a triangulation DT ( P ) such that no point in P is inside the circumcircle of any triangle in DT ( P ).

In mathematics, a directed set ( or a directed preorder or a filtered set ) is a nonempty set A together with a reflexive and transitive binary relation ≤ ( that is, a preorder ), with the additional property that every pair of elements has an upper bound: In other words, for any a and b in A there must exist a c in A with a ≤ c and b ≤ c.

Modern mathematics defines an " elliptic integral " as any function which can be expressed in the form

In mathematics, the four color theorem, or the four color map theorem states that, given any separation of a plane into contiguous regions, producing a figure called a map, no more than four colors are required to color the regions of the map so that no two adjacent regions have the same color.

In mathematics, more specifically algebraic topology, the fundamental group ( defined by Henri Poincaré in his article Analysis Situs, published in 1895 ) is a group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way of determining when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other.

In mathematics, the Hausdorff dimension ( also known as the Hausdorff – Besicovitch dimension ) is an extended non-negative real number associated with any metric space.

Isomorphisms are studied in mathematics in order to extend insights from one phenomenon to others: if two objects are isomorphic, then any property that is preserved by an isomorphism and that is true of one of the objects, is also true of the other.

To acknowledge outstanding research contributions to mathematics, through the awarding of scientific prizes and to encourage and support other international mathematical activities, considered likely to contribute to the development of mathematical science in any of its aspects, whether pure, applied, or educational.

* Lambda indicates the wavelength of any wave, especially in physics, electronics engineering, and mathematics.

We may represent any given proposition with a letter which we call a propositional constant, analogous to representing a number by a letter in mathematics, for instance,.

Such an algorithm contradicts fundamental laws of mathematics because, if it existed, it could be applied repeatedly to losslessly reduce any file to length 0.

In any case, mathematics shares much in common with many fields in the physical sciences, notably the exploration of the logical consequences of assumptions.

Connes has applied his work in areas of mathematics and theoretical physics, including number theory, differential geometry and particle physics.

One of the most interesting aspects of the axiom of choice is the large number of places in mathematics that it shows up.

In mathematics, the absolute value ( or modulus ) of a real number is the numerical value of without regard to its sign.

In mathematics, an algebraic number is a number that is a root of a non-zero polynomial in one variable with rational coefficients ( or equivalently — by clearing denominators — with integer coefficients ).

In mathematics, the phrase " almost all " has a number of specialised uses.

It occupies a central place in modern mathematics and has multiple conceptual connections with such diverse fields as complex analysis, topology and number theory.

In mathematics, an associative algebra A is an associative ring that has a compatible structure of a vector space over a certain field K or, more generally, of a module over a commutative ring R. Thus A is endowed with binary operations of addition and multiplication satisfying a number of axioms, including associativity of multiplication and distributivity, as well as compatible multiplication by the elements of the field K or the ring R.

Realism in the philosophy of mathematics is the claim that mathematical entities such as number have a mind-independent existence.

Arithmetic or arithmetics ( from the Greek word ἀριθμός, arithmos " number ") is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used by almost everyone, for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.

* Bell number, in mathematics

In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers B < sub > n </ sub > are a sequence of rational numbers with deep connections to number theory.

With large sets, it becomes necessary to use more sophisticated mathematics to find the number of combinations.

* Catalan number, a concept in mathematics

In mathematics, a countable set is a set with the same cardinality ( number of elements ) as some subset of the set of natural numbers.

Although a " bijection " seems a more advanced concept than a number, the usual development of mathematics in terms of set theory defines functions before numbers, as they are based on much simpler sets.

In 1879, Peirce was appointed Lecturer in logic at the new Johns Hopkins University, which was strong in a number of areas that interested him, such as philosophy ( Royce and Dewey did their PhDs at Hopkins ), psychology ( taught by G. Stanley Hall and studied by Joseph Jastrow, who coauthored a landmark empirical study with Peirce ), and mathematics ( taught by J. J. Sylvester, who came to admire Peirce's work on mathematics and logic ).

The Langlands program is a far-reaching web of these ideas of ' unifying conjectures ' that link different subfields of mathematics, e. g. number theory and representation theory of Lie groups ; some of these conjectures have since been proved.

* Cardinal number, a concept in mathematics

In mathematics, the Cantor set is a set of points lying on a single line segment that has a number of remarkable and deep properties.

In mathematics, the cardinality of a set is a measure of the " number of elements of the set ".

In mathematics, a contraction mapping, or contraction, on a metric space ( M, d ) is a function f from M to itself, with the property that there is some nonnegative real number < math > k < 1 </ math > such that for all x and y in M,