In order to understand the metaphysics of the Mage setting, it is important to remember that many of the terms used to describe magic and Magi e. g., Avatar, Quintessence, the Umbra, and Paradox, Resonance, as well as the game mechanics a player uses to describe the areas of magic in which his character is proficient — the Spheres, look, mean, and are understood very differently depending on the paradigm of the Mage in question, even though they are often, in the texts of the game, described from particular paradigmatic points-of-view.

In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities.

There are also recent signs of the reception of phenomenology ( and Heidegger's thought in particular ) within scholarly circles focused on studying the impetus of metaphysics in the history of ideas in Islam and Early Islamic philosophy ; perhaps under the indirect influence of the tradition of the French Orientalist and philosopher Henri Corbin.

The connection between McDowell's general metaphysics and this particular claim about moral properties is that all claims about objectivity are to be made from the internal perspective of our actual practices, the part of his view that he takes from the later Wittgenstein.

Informal part-whole reasoning was consciously invoked in metaphysics and ontology from Plato ( in particular, in the second half of the Parmenides ) and Aristotle onwards, and more or less unwittingly in 19th-century mathematics until the triumph of set theory around 1910.

In contrast to a rationalist inquiry that begins from a priori principles, or an empiricist inquiry that begins from a tabula rasa, he begins the Metaphysics by surveying the various aporiai that exist, drawing in particular on what puzzled his predecessors: " with a view to the science we are seeking metaphysics, it is necessary that we should first review the things about which we need, from the outset, to be puzzled " ( 995a24 ).

According to River Forest Thomism, also called Aristotelian-Thomism, the natural sciences are epistemologically prior to metaphysics, preferably called Metascience. This approach emphasizes the Aristotelian foundations of Aquinas ’ s philosophy, and in particular the idea that the construction of a sound metaphysics must be preceded by a sound understanding of natural science, as interpreted in light of an Aristotelian philosophy of nature.

The poem's theme is Beauty, but Shelley's understanding of how the mind works is different from Plato's: Plato wrote ( principally in the Symposium ) that Beauty is a metaphysical object existing independent of our experiences of particular concrete objects, while Shelley believed that philosophy and metaphysics could not reveal truth and that an understanding of Beauty was futile.

Þorsteinn's early works ( An Essay on Man in particular ) are in the style of 20th century logical positivism -- highly suspicious of esoteric Hegelian metaphysics.

Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.

The doctrines included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions ; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as having no meaning ; a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work ; the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable by a single standard language of science ; and above all the project of rational reconstruction, in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language.

This caused the logical positivists to reject many traditional problems of philosophy, especially those of metaphysics or ontology, as meaningless.

Aristotle's metaphysics traditionally was seen to consist of three parts: ontology, natural theology and universal science.

A central branch of metaphysics is ontology, the investigation into the basic categories of being and how they relate to each other.

Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology deals with questions concerning what entities exist or can be said to exist, and how such entities can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.

The process metaphysics elaborated in Process and Reality posits an ontology which is based on the two kinds of existence of entity, that of actual entity and that of abstract entity or abstraction.

Substance is a key concept in ontology and metaphysics.

As the concept that ontology ( also generally referred to as metaphysics ) can be reduced to either a single detectable substance ( called substance theory ) and or a single being ( the concept of the Absolute ).

" From this point onward in his thought, Heidegger attempted to think beyond metaphysics to a place where the articulation of the fundamental questions of ontology were fundamentally possible: only from this point can we restore ( that is, re-give ) any possible meaning to the word " humanism ".

In metaphysics, or more exactly ontology, Averroes rejects the view advanced by Avicenna that existence is merely accidental.

Jain philosophy deals extensively with the problems of metaphysics, reality, cosmology, ontology, epistemology and divinity.

More careful approaches are needed in terms of thinking about philosophers ( and theologians ) in Islam in terms of phenomenological methods of investigation in ontology ( or onto-theology ), or by way of comparisons that are made with Heidegger's thought and his critique of the history of metaphysics.

It dealt with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric, and aesthetics.

More careful approaches are needed in terms of thinking about philosophers ( and theologians ) in Islam in terms of phenomenological methods of investigation in ontology ( or onto-theology ), or by way of comparisons that are made with Heidegger's thought and his critique of the history of metaphysics.

This is the basis and the only proper basis of ontology or metaphysics, the science of being, and of the philosophy of history.

* William of Ockham: philosopher and theologian who developed Ockham's razor and wrote extensively on metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, theology, logic, and politics

Those advocating this line see predicate logic as excessively nominalistic, as primarily concerned with the manipulation of symbols ( syntax ) and not with the whys and essences of things ( ontology and metaphysics ).

Despite certain signs of ironic distrust in the areas of metaphysics and ontology, The Concept of the Political was, as we have seen, a philosophical type of essay to ' frame ' the topic of a concept unable to constitute itself on philosophical ground.

(" Calculus of names " is sometimes used instead of ontology, a term widely employed in metaphysics in a very different sense.

Royce ’ s hypothetical ontology, temporalism, personalism, his social metaphysics based on the fourth conception of being remain, along with the operation of agapic loyalty, and the unity of finite purposes in the ideal of the beloved community.

This view led philosophers to believe that what they called " Being " was the cause of reality, and this in turn, explained the confusion of metaphysics with ontology.

Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

* Balance ( metaphysics ), a desirable point between two or more opposite forces

In A Critique of Postcolonial Reason ( 1999 ), Spivak explored how major works of European metaphysics ( such as those of Kant and Hegel ) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human subjects.

During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India, philosophers such as Dharmakirti argue for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms ( the basic building blocks that make up reality ), according to " the standard interpretation " of Dharmakirti's Buddhist metaphysics.

* Extension ( metaphysics ), the property of taking up space

* Libertarianism ( metaphysics ), one of the main philosophical positions related to the problems of free will and determinism

It is set in an Earthlike world ( perhaps in an alternate reality ), deals with metaphysics, and refers heavily to Ancient Greek philosophy, while at the same time being a complex commentary on the insubstantiality of today's contemporary society.

And because metaphysics has forgotten to ask about the notion of Being ( what Heidegger calls Seinsvergessenheit ), it is a history about the destruction of Being.

Nāgārjuna's primary contribution to Buddhist philosophy is in the use of the concept of śūnyatā, or " emptiness ," which brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anātman ( no-self ) and pratītyasamutpāda ( dependent origination ), to refute the metaphysics of Sarvastivāda and Sautrāntika ( extinct non-Mahayana schools ).

In 1641 he published a metaphysics work, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia ( Meditations on First Philosophy ), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned.

In 1974, Pirsig was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship to allow him to write a follow-up, Lila: An Inquiry into Morals ( 1991 ), in which he develops a value-based metaphysics, called Metaphysics of Quality, to replace the subject-object view of reality.

For more see Fana ( Sufism ), Baqaa, Yaqeen, Kashf, Manzil, Haqiqa, Sufi metaphysics, Sufi philosophy.

Young men wishing further education could proceed to one of eight medreses ( colleges ), whose studies included grammar, metaphysics, philosophy, astronomy, and astrology.

The main tenets of Whitehead's metaphysics were summarized in his most accessible work, Adventures of Ideas ( 1933 ), where he also defines his conceptions of beauty, truth, art, adventure, and peace.

While his original writings demonstrate that he had a sincere passion for the seven liberal arts ( grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, geometry, music, and astronomy ), his work in Quaestiones naturales illustrated a more encompassing dedication to subjects such as physics, the natural sciences, and possibly even metaphysics.

He accepted the Stoic categorization of philosophy into physics ( natural philosophy, including metaphysics and theology ), logic ( including dialectic ), and ethics.

The book is divided into four parts: logic, natural sciences, mathematics ( a quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music ), and metaphysics.

In metaphysics, pluralism is a doctrine that many basic substances make up reality, while monism holds existence to be a single substance, often either matter ( materialism ) or mind ( idealism ), and dualism believes two substances, such as matter and mind, to be necessary.

::* 1990 Foundations of the metaphysics of morals and What is enlightenment ( Second Edition, Revised ), translated, with an introduction by Lewis White Beck ( 1913-1997 ).

::* 1993 Grounding for the metaphysics of morals ; with, On a supposed right to lie because of philanthropic concerns ( Third Edition ), tr.

Among those present is Brian Marsh ( Jameson Parker ), a student in metaphysics.