Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier ( also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution ; 26 August 17438 May 1794 ; ), the " father of modern chemistry ," was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology.

Furthermore, a number of ~ omics based on analytical chemistry have become important areas in modern biology.

Biostatistical reasoning and modeling were of critical importance to the foundation theories of modern biology.

Why this should have happened is, to me, the most profound mystery facing modern biology " Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the revolution of modern cell biology and biochemistry provided a series of novel techniques which became available to investigate the migratory responder cells and subcellular fractions responsible for chemotactic activity.

Reviewing the film for Scientific American, John Rennie says " The term is a curious throwback, because in modern biology almost no one relies solely on Darwin's original ideas ...

DNA ligases have become an indispensable tool in modern molecular biology research for generating recombinant DNA sequences.

Mayr is sometimes credited with inventing modern philosophy of biology, particularly the part related to evolutionary biology, which he distinguished from physics due to its introduction of ( natural ) history into science.

Most of these arguments have been shown to be over-generalizations at best and flatly incorrect at worst in modern biology and social studies.

* H. L. Kaye, The social meaning of modern biology 1987, New Haven, CT Yale University Press.

From a more modern perspective, Haeckel's drawings were the beginnings of the field of evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ).

Some version of Haeckel ’ s drawings can be found in many modern biology textbooks in discussions of the history of embryology, with clarification that these are no longer considered valid.

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information.

Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology.

However, Leavitt was using the term to describe what we would now call developmental biology ; it was not until Russian Entomologist Yuri Filipchenko used the terms " macroevolution " and " microevolution " in 1927 in his German language work, " Variabilität und Variation ", that it attained its modern usage.

Natural selection is one of the cornerstones of modern biology.

In modern software implementations of artificial neural networks, the approach inspired by biology has been largely abandoned for a more practical approach based on statistics and signal processing.

Darwin's view, that early embryonic stages are similar to the same embryonic stage of related species but not to the adult stages of these species, has been confirmed by modern evolutionary developmental biology.

Pharmacology ( from Greek, pharmakon, " poison " in classic Greek ; " drug " in modern Greek ; and ,-logia " study of ", " knowledge of ") is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous ( within the cell ) molecule which exerts a biochemical and / or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

In modern sexology, researchers apply tools from several academic fields, including biology, medicine, psychology, statistics, epidemiology, sociology, anthropology, and criminology.

The scientific revolution refers to the history of science in the early modern period, where development in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed views of society and nature.

Similar developments could be seen in chemistry, biology and other sciences, although their full development into modern science was delayed for a century or more.

It is also extremely important as a model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly researched eukaryotic microorganisms.

** The first publication reporting the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marks the birth of modern molecular biology methodology.

His system included modifying the way we consider the world, e. g., with an attitude of " I don't know ; let's see ," to better discover or reflect its realities as revealed by modern science.

According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety, i. e. spiritual anxiety, is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods.

Other Flexowriter characters that were found a use in Atlas Autocode were: in floating-point numbers, e. g. for modern ; to mean " the second half of an Atlas memory word "; for the mathematical pi number.

It is quite conventional in principle in past and present computing machines of the most varied types, e. g. desk multipliers, standard IBM counters, more modern relay machines, the ENIAC " ( Goldstine and von Neumann, 1946 ; p. 98 in Bell and Newell 1971 ).

In some modern board games, such as Clue, there are other pieces that are not a player's representative ( i. e. weapons ).

In byte-oriented systems ( i. e. most modern computers ), the term uncompressed BCD usually implies a full byte for each digit ( often including a sign ), whereas packed BCD typically encodes two decimal digits within a single byte by taking advantage of the fact that four bits are enough to represent the range 0 to 9.

Under his command, a modern update of the doctrinal system called Bewegungskrieg (" maneuver warfare ") and its associated leadership system called Auftragstaktik (" mission tactics "; i. e., units are assigned missions ; local commanders decide how to achieve those missions ) was developed, which was a critical advantage and a major reason for the success of blitzkrieg.

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary Statutory law ( see Uncodified constitution below ); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i. e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is null and void, and the nullification is ab initio, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding.

His forecast of the form of government suitable to the modern world may be seen as prophetic: the largely ceremonial offices of president in some modern parliamentary democracies in Europe and e. g. Israel can be perceived as elected or appointed versions of Hegel's constitutional monarch ; the Russian and French presidents, with their stronger powers, may also be regarded in Hegelian terms as wielding powers suitable to the embodiment of the national will.

In major modern economies such as those of the United States or the Euro Zone, most money is electronic, but the " currency " of these polities may, depending on context, include all money or just specie ( i. e., various physical representations of money ).

One of the main theses of casuists was the necessity to adapt the rigorous morals of the Early Fathers of Christianity to modern morals, which led in some extreme cases to justify what Innocent XI later called " laxist moral " ( i. e. justification of usury, homicide, regicide, lying through " mental reservation ", adultery and loss of virginity before marriage, etc .— all due cases registered by Pascal in the Provincial Letters ).

It was this authority of the Roman censors which eventually developed into the modern meaning of " censor " and " censorship "— i. e., officials who review published material and forbid the publication of material judged to be contrary to " public morality " as the term is interpreted in a given political and social environment.

Long after the Roman census was no longer taken, the Latin word lustrum has survived, and been adopted in some modern languages, in the derived sense of a period of five years, i. e. half a decennium.

On the map of Ptolemy, the " Kimbroi " are placed on the northernmost part of the peninsula of Jutland., i. e. in the modern landscape of Himmerland south of Limfjorden ( since Vendsyssel-Thy north of the fjord was at that time a group of islands ).

In the first century AD, the Eburones were replaced or absorbed by the Germanic Tungri, and the city was known as Atuatuca Tungrorum, i. e. the modern city of Tongeren.

Due to inherently compact and semantically rich instructions, the average amount of work performed per machine code unit ( i. e. per byte or bit ) is higher for a CISC than a RISC processor, which may give it a significant advantage in a modern cache based implementation.

The superscalar complexity in the case of modern x86 was solved with dynamically issued and buffered micro-operations, i. e. indirect and dynamic superscalar execution ; the Pentium Pro and AMD K5 are early examples of this.

There are university programs and schools associated with professional dance companies for specialised training in classical dance ( e. g. Ballet ) and modern dance.

Stylistic indications ( e. g. ‘ informal ’ or ‘ vulgar ’) present in many modern dictionaries is considered less than objectively descriptive as well.

In modern Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems, the keyboard layouts US International and UK International feature dead keys that allow one to type Latin letters with the acute, grave, circumflex, diæresis, tilde, and cedilla found in Western European languages ( specifically, those combinations found in the ISO Latin-1 character set ) directly: "+ e gives ë, ~+ o gives õ, etc.

Despite its rare use, Italian orthography allows the circumflex accent ( î ) too, in two cases: it can be found in old literary context ( roughly up to 19th century ) to signal a syncope ( fêro → fecero, they did ), or in modern Italian to signal the contraction of ″- ii ″ due to the plural ending-i whereas the root ends with another-i ; e. g., s. demonio, p. demonii → demonî ; in this case the circumflex also signals that the word intended is not demoni, plural of " demone " by shifting the accent ( demònî, " devils "; dèmoni, " demons ").

Keynesians argue that in a modern industrial economy, many prices are sticky downward or downward inflexible, so that instead of prices for non-oil-related goods falling in this story, a supply shock would cause a recession, i. e., rising unemployment and falling gross domestic product.

The region was first referred to as Ma ' ikele Bahr (" between the seas / rivers ," i. e. the land between the Red Sea and the Mereb river ), renamed under Emperor Zara Yaqob as the domain of the Bahr Negash, called Midri Bahri ( Tigrinya: " Sea land ," though it included some areas like Shire on the other side of the Mereb, today in Ethiopia ) until the modern day, when its name was changed to Mereb Mellash ( beyond the river Mereb ) under the rule of Yohannes IV, the locals referred to this area as Midri Bahri.

Though nearly all modern mathematicians consider nonconstructive methods just as sound as constructive ones, Euclid's constructive proofs often supplanted fallacious nonconstructive ones — e. g., some of the Pythagoreans ' proofs that involved irrational numbers, which usually required a statement such as " Find the greatest common measure of ..."