In most jurisdictions, the court system is divided into at least three levels: the trial court, which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case ; at least one intermediate appellate court ; and a supreme court ( or court of last resort ) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts.

Some jurisdictions have specialized appellate courts, such as the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, which only hears appeals raised in criminal cases, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has general jurisdiction but derives most of its caseload from patent cases, on the other hand, and appeals from the Court of Federal Claims on the other.

In most United States jurisdictions a defendant is allowed the opportunity to allocute — that is, explain himself — before sentence is passed.

In most of the world's jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms " architect " and " landscape architect " are legally protected.

In some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognized good reason for the assault.

As the criminal law evolved, element one was weakened in most jurisdictions so that a reasonable fear of bodily injury would suffice.

This defense would most likely fail since only involuntary intoxication is accepted as a defense in most American jurisdictions.

Unlike most Common-law jurisdictions, the majority of civil law jurisdictions have specialized courts or sections to deal with administrative cases which, as a rule, will apply procedural rules specifically designed for such cases and different from that applied in private-law proceedings, such as contract or tort claims.

In Brazil, unlike most Civil-law jurisdictions, there is no specialized court or section to deal with administrative cases.

In most jurisdictions bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the debtor.

It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company's constitution.

In most jurisdictions, the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties:

The Fundamentals of Engineering exam-the first ( and more general ) of two licensure examinations for most U. S. jurisdictions — does now cover biology ( although technically not BME ).

For the second exam, called the Principles and Practices, Part 2, or the Professional Engineering exam, candidates may select a particular engineering discipline's content to be tested on ; there is currently not an option for BME with this, meaning that any biomedical engineers seeking a license must prepare to take this examination in another category ( which does not affect the actual license, since most jurisdictions do not recognize discipline specialties anyway ).

In most jurisdictions worldwide, gambling is limited to persons over the age of license ( 16 to 21 years of age in most countries where casinos are permitted ).

For example, in most jurisdictions, decisions by appellate courts are binding on lower courts in the same jurisdiction and on future decisions of the same appellate court, but decisions of lower courts are only non-binding persuasive authority.

For example, most areas of law in most Anglo-American jurisdictions include " statutory law " enacted by a legislature, " regulatory law " promulgated by executive branch agencies pursuant to delegation of rule-making authority from the legislature, and common law or " case law ", i. e., decisions issued by courts ( or quasi-judicial tribunals within agencies ).

By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

For most purposes, most jurisdictions, including the U. S. federal system and most states, have merged the two courts.

It seems clear, when one takes into consideration the exceedingly defective eyesight of the patient ( we shall describe it in detail in connection with our second question, the one concerning the psychical blindness of the patient ), that he had to rely on his sense of touch much more than the usual portfolio-maker and that consequently that faculty was most probably more sensitive to shape and size than that of a person with normal vision.

The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular place, problem or phenomenon in detail, using a variety of methods, over a more extensive period than normal in many parts of academia.

Since the randomization-based analysis is complicated and is closely approximated by the approach using a normal linear model, most teachers emphasize the normal linear model approach.

For normal calculation a number zero is often needed, here most notably when calculating the number of years in a period that spans the epoch ; the end years need only be subtracted from each other.

Additionally, the improper development of the RPE, which in normal eyes absorbs most of the reflected sunlight, further increases glare due to light scattering within the eye.

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in conjunctive normal form where each clause is limited to at most three literals is NP-complete ; this problem is called " 3SAT ", " 3CNFSAT ", or " 3-satisfiability ".

All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form.

The most important use of cement is the production of mortar and concrete — the bonding of natural or artificial aggregates to form a strong building material that is durable in the face of normal environmental effects.

He continued arguing how problematic it was establishing the relation between " normal ", " nonfiction or standard discourse " and " fiction ", defined as its " parasite, “ for part of the most originary essence of the latter is to allow fiction, the simulacrum, parasitism, to take place-and in so doing to " de-essentialize " itself as it were ”.

Although these kits may be small with respect to the number of drums used, the drums themselves are most often normal sizes, or even larger in the case of the bass drum.

In the SEM image of an ant shown at right, the image was constructed from signals produced by a secondary electron detector, the normal or conventional imaging mode in most SEMs.

The most common use of nitrox mixtures containing higher than normal levels of oxygen is in scuba, where the reduced percentage of nitrogen is advantageous in reducing nitrogen uptake in the body's tissues and so extending the possible dive time, and / or reducing the risk of decompression sickness ( also known as the bends ).

The soybean oil emulsion does not harm normal human cells, or the cells of most other higher organisms, with the exceptions of sperm cells and blood cells, which are vulnerable to nanoemulsions due to the peculiarities of their membrane structures.

Economic factors included hunger and malnutrition in the most destitute segments of the population, due to rising bread prices ( from a normal 8 sous for a four-pound loaf to 12 sous by the end of 1789 ), after several years of poor grain harvests.

The only seasons in recent times when this pattern was not followed were 1999 – 2000, when most rounds were played a few weeks earlier than normal as an experiment, and 2010 – 2011 when the FA Cup Final was played before the Premier League season had finished, in order to allow the stadium to be ready for the UEFA Champions League final.

On the advice of her New South Wales Premier only, the Queen appoints the Governor to carry out most of her constitutional and ceremonial duties for an unfixed period of time — known as serving At Her Majesty's pleasure — though five years is the normal convention.

In most cases, it is possible to resume work and save files after a Recoverable Alert, while a normal, red Guru Meditation always results in an immediate reboot.

The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage.

* Hemoglobin A ( α < sub > 2 </ sub > β < sub > 2 </ sub >) ()-The most common with a normal amount over 95 %

The standard bolus is most appropriate when eating high carb low protein low fat meals because it will return blood sugar to normal levels quickly.

As a result, diabetes specialists have expended increasing effort to help most people with diabetes achieve blood glucose levels as close to normal as achievable.

However, AT & T in most states ( especially the former SBC / SWB territory ) will still install an ISDN BRI line anywhere a normal analog line can be placed and the monthly charge is roughly $ 55.

Elevated creatine kinase CK levels ( at most ~ 10 times normal ) are typical in sIBM but patients can also present with normal CK levels.