Another development was in cryogenics: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ( 1913 Nobel prize winner in physics ) liquefied helium for the first time ( 1908 ) and later managed to reach a temperature of less than one degree above the absolute minimum.

The earlier research and development work of TRE and RRDE on radar, solid state physics, electronics, and computer hardware and software was continued in the merged establishment, and the overall scope was extended to include cryogenics and other topics.

Linde's inventions and developments spurred development in many areas of cryogenics, physics, chemistry and engineering.

`` A person with a master's degree in physics, chemistry, math or English, yet who has not taken Education courses, is not permitted to teach in the public schools '', said Grover.

In chemistry and physics, the atomic number ( also known as the proton number ) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in standard English.

As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

It is not concerned with the formation of molecules ( although much of the physics is identical ), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter.

and atomic physics is no exception.

The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer.

In our current understanding of physics, the Bohr model is called a semi-classical model because of its quantization of angular momentum, not primarily because of its relationship with electron wavelength, which appeared in hindsight a dozen years after the Bohr model was proposed.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

In particle physics, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and quantum spin.

At this time, the apparent asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the visible universe is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.

RWTH Aachen University, established as Polytechnicum in 1870, is one of the Germany's Universities of Excellence with strong emphasis on technological research, especially for electrical and mechanical engineering, computer sciences, physics, and chemistry.

It is both an extended discussion ( and polemic ) on Stoic physics, and an exposition of Aristotelian thought on this theme.

A Fire Upon the Deep is a science fiction novel by American writer Vernor Vinge, a space opera involving superhuman intelligences, aliens, variable physics, space battles, love, betrayal, genocide, and a conversation medium resembling Usenet.

Furthermore, there is no proposed mechanism of action by which the positions and motions of stars and planets could affect people and events on Earth that does not contradict well understood, basic aspects of biology and physics.

Analytic geometry is widely used in physics and engineering, and is the foundation of most modern fields of geometry, including algebraic, differential, discrete, and computational geometry.

In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a transparent material, is a measure of the material's dispersion ( variation of refractive index with wavelength ) in relation to the refractive index, with high values of V indicating low dispersion ( low chromatic aberration ).

In physics, angular momentum, moment of momentum, or rotational momentum is a vector quantity that represents the product of a body's rotational inertia and rotational velocity about a particular axis.

In modern ( late 20th century ) theoretical physics, angular momentum is described using a different formalism.

Encouraged, however, by letters signed by the rabbis of Argentière and Lunel, and particularly by the support of Kalonymus ben Todros, the nasi of Narbonne, and of the eminent Talmudist Asheri of Toledo, Ben Adret issued a decree, signed by thirty-three rabbis of Barcelona, excommunicating those who should, within the next fifty years, study physics or metaphysics before their thirtieth year of age ( basing his action on the principle laid down by Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed part one chapter 34 ), and had the order promulgated in the synagogue on Sabbath, July 26, 1305.

After this essay was circulated in samizdat and then published outside the Soviet Union ( initially on July 6, 1968, in the Dutch newspaper Het Parool through intermediary of the Dutch academic and writer Karel van het Reve, followed by The New York Times ), Sakharov was banned from all military-related research and returned to FIAN to study fundamental theoretical physics.

The term or, which gives the ( unnormalised ) relative probability of a state, is called the Boltzmann factor and appears often in the study of physics and chemistry.

The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.

The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and The Division of Condensed Matter Physics ( DCMP ) is the largest division of the American Physical Society.

Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids were added to this list, and it came to be known as condensed matter physics.

Theoretical models have also been developed to study the physics of phase transitions, such as the Landau-Ginzburg theory, Critical exponents and the use of mathematical techniques of quantum field theory and the renormalization group.

The study of critical phenomena and phase transitions is an important part of modern condensed matter physics.

* Echocardiography: The use of ultrasound to study the mechanical function / physics of the heart.

* Theoretical chemistry is the study of chemistry via theoretical reasoning ( usually within mathematics or physics ).

* Theoretical chemistry – study of chemistry via fundamental theoretical reasoning ( usually within mathematics or physics ).

Catapult projects can inspire students to study different subjects including physics, engineering, science, math and history.

During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of physics.

The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of solid state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering.

In 1879, Munch enrolled in a technical college to study engineering, where he excelled in physics, chemistry, and math.

The word is most commonly used in medical and philosophical theories, where it is used to refer to the study of why things occur, or even the reasons behind the way that things act, and is used in philosophy, physics, psychology, government, medicine, theology and biology in reference to the causes of various phenomena.

( Compare this with the modern study of particle physics.

One of the first sources for the study of physics was a book found at the local market of Campo de ' Fiori in Roma.

In basic physics and statistical mechanics it may be more interesting to study the internal properties of the system and therefore the internal energy is used.

The study of ferromagnetic phase transitions, especially via the simplified Ising spin model, had an important impact on the development of statistical physics.

Graph theory is also used to study molecules in chemistry and physics.

Here, he also devoted himself to the study of medicine, physics, and chemistry.