Henry II developed the practice of sending judges from his own central court to hear the various disputes throughout the country.

Once judges began to regard each other's decisions to be binding precedent, the pre-Norman system of local customs and law varying in each locality was replaced by a system that was ( at least in theory, though not always in practice ) common throughout the whole country, hence the name " common law.

Arias thus remained barred from a second term as president ; however, in April 2003 – by which time two of the four judges who had voted against the change in 2000 had been replaced – the Court reconsidered the issue and, with the only dissenters being the two anti-reelection judges remaining from 2000, declared the 1969 amendment null and thus opened the way to reelection for former presidents – which in practice meant Arias.

The judicial branch, like other two branches, is technically independent and equal to other three branches, although in practice, since its judges are appointed by the president, it is beholden to the same president.

This work lays out the five Ages of Man, as well as containing advice and wisdom, prescribing a life of honest labour and attacking idleness and unjust judges ( like those who decided in favour of Perses ) as well as the practice of usury.

* Legal realism is a third theory of jurisprudence which argues that the real world practice of law is what determines what law is ; the law has the force that it does because of what legislators, judges, and executives do with it.

The " rule of recognition ", a customary practice of the officials ( especially judges ) that identifies certain acts and decisions as sources of law.

And as the practice was anciently common of fining, imprisoning, or otherwise punishing the jurors, merely at the discretion of the court, for finding a verdict contrary to the direction of these dependent judges ; it is obvious, that juries were then no manner of security to the liberty of the subject.

In practice, however, judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping.

Although inferior courts are bound in theory by superior court precedent, in practice judges may sometimes attempt to evade precedent by distinguishing it on spurious grounds.

Hart argues that this last function is performed by a " rule of recognition ", a customary practice of the officials ( especially judges ) that identifies certain acts and decisions as sources of law.

This federally overruled a state law to the contrary and reinstated a practice that had been in use for more than two decades with other probate judges despite being at odds with the contested state law.

Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in U. S. legal practice are sometimes called magistrates, although in the federal court of the United States, they are called magistrate judges.

Subordinate judges in U. S. legal practice who are appointed on a case-by-case basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called " masters " or " special masters " and have authority in a particular case often determined on a case by case basis.

Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called " administrative law judges " in U. S. practice.

Lay judges are appointed by local authorities, or in practice by the political parties represented on the authorities.

Many states follow the federal government practice of having one or more separate systems of administrative law judges in the executive branch in addition to judicial branch judges, for example, to handle driver's license revocations, unemployment insurance claims, or land use disputes.

The judicial system of California is the largest in the United States that is fully staffed by professional law-trained judges ; a person must be admitted to practice law before they can become a judge in California.

The Bar Council of India however calls upon lawyers to give up this practice of addressing judges as ' lords '.

The judges of each court are elected to a six ( 6 ) year term and must be admitted to practice law before the state supreme court.

It had been the practice under Henry VI that plaintiffs in the common-law courts could not execute judgments given by the common-law judges if the Lord Chancellor felt their claim was " against conscience ".

It will readily be seen that in this suggested network ( not materially different from some of the networks in vogue today ) greater emphasis on monitoring is implied than is usually put into practice.

If this practice should take root and spread, the man who submits a manuscript to a publisher will find himself reviewed before he is accepted and publication will become a sort of post-mortem formality.

In many societies, what we regard as corruption, favoritism, and personal influence are so accepted as consistent with the mores of officialdom and so integral a part of routine administrative practice that any attempt to force their elimination will be regarded by the local leadership as not only unwarranted but unfriendly.

This condition will undoubtedly continue until such time as a state uniform system of evaluation is established, or through mutual agreement of the local assessing officials for a method of standard assessment practice to be adopted.

Yet nobody will question the necessity of all this and any reputable interior designer does know all this and does practice it.

All of these activities are geared to a top-priority communication system, and practice tests have been held to assure that everything will work smoothly.

-- The Anne Arundel county school superintendent has asked that the Board of Education return to the practice of recording its proceedings mechanically so that there will be no more question about who said what.

With consistent practice, it will be possible to overcome the limitations gradually, accelerating the spiritual progress.

#* Understanding of the effectiveness of museum education will be improved further and best practice built into education programmes.

It was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms their independence only for the lifetime of their client king, who would agree to leave his kingdom to Rome in his will — the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, for example, were incorporated into the Empire in just this way.

In practice, they will have other tools and rates that are used, but only one that is rigorously targeted and enforced.

In practice, the transfer of electrons will always change the oxidation number, but there are many reactions that are classed as " redox " even though no electron transfer occurs ( such as those involving covalent bonds ).

In matters of marriage and divorce, the State of Israel relies on its Chief Rabbinate to determine who is Jewish ; the Chief Rabbinate, following Orthodox practice, does not recognize the validity of conversions performed by Conservative rabbis and will require a Jew who was converted by a Conservative rabbi to undergo a second, Orthodox conversion to be regarded as a Jew for marriage and other purposes.

It is relatively more concerned that government will interfere with popular places to practice citizenship in the public sphere.

In practice a groveling letter of apology to the court is sufficient to ward off this possibility, and in any event the warrant is generally ' backed for bail ' i. e. bail will be granted once the arrest has been made and a location where the person can be found in future established.

The above model of an oscillating mass on a spring is plausible but not very realistic: in practice, friction will tend to decelerate the mass and have magnitude proportional to its velocity ( i. e. dx / dt ).

The Dharma can be tested by practice and therefore he who follows it will see the result by himself through his own experience.

Knowing these attributes, Buddhists hold that they will attain the greatest peace and happiness through the practice of Dharma.

Although it is theoretically possible that detailed schedule analysis will yield different conclusions than broad schedule analysis, in practice there tends to be a high correlation between the two.

Because of planning and practice, each player will know what his role in the play is to be, and how to execute it.

* The Citizens ' Assembly on Electoral Reform says the new proportional electoral system it proposes for British Columbia will improve the practice of democracy in the province.

Spiritual practice ( sadhana ) is performed with the faith that knowledge beyond the mind and sense perception will be revealed to the practitioner.

Stephan Wrage, managing director of SkySails GmbH announced: " During the next few months we will finally be able to prove that our technology works in practice and significantly reduces fuel consumption and emissions.

Over two thousand girls — mostly teenagers but some as young as eight — were charged over the next three years with having circumcised each other with razor blades, a practice that came to be known as Ngaitana (" I will circumcise myself "), so-called because the girls claimed to have cut themselves to avoid naming their friends.