The few cases of clear favoritism along social-class lines are as likely as not to involve representatives of the working class on the school board who favor some such practice as higher wages for janitors rather than pay increases for teachers, and such issues are not issues of educational policy.

The suppositions in the previous illustration might be sufficiently altered by establishing a connection between general company practice and local practice in the South, and by establishing such direct connection between the practice and the economic well-being of stores located in New York and general company policy.

There are a number of institutions and organizations which provide community college research to inform practice and policy.

* The mission of the Community College Research Center from Teachers College at Columbia University is to " conduct research on the major issues affecting community colleges in the United States and to contribute to the development of practice and policy that expands access to higher education and promotes success for all students.

Focus groups convene at the conference to serve as a " think tank " to inform practice of community college board of trustees, presidents, and policy makers.

Collins English Dictionary defines colonialism as " the policy and practice of a power in extending control over weaker peoples or areas.

Celibacy among the clergy is a relavtively recent practice: it became Church policy at the Second Lateran Council in 1139.

Historically, lawyers in most European countries were addressed with the title of doctor, and countries outside of Europe have generally followed the practice of the European country which had policy influence through modernization or colonialization.

While most of his proposals-" to abandon the gold standard, let international exchange rates float, use federal surpluses and deficits as macroeconomic policy tools that could counter cyclical trends, and establish bureaus of economic statistics ( including a consumer price index ) in order to facilitate this effort "-are now conventional practice, his critique of fractional-reserve banking still " remains outside the bounds of conventional wisdom ".

The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world.

In Austria IKEA restaurants offer a free refill policy for soft drinks, a practice that is otherwise unknown in Austria.

In contrast, Stalin and allies proposed that alliances with capitalist political parties were essential to realising a revolution where Communists were too few ; said Stalinist practice failed, especially in the Northern Expedition portion of the Chinese Revolution ( 1925 – 1927 ), wherein it resulted in the right-wing Kuomintang ’ s massacre of the Chinese Communist Party ; nonetheless, despite the failure, Stalin ’ s policy of mixed-ideology political alliances, became Comintern policy.

Eventually, the church adopted a policy of excommunicating members found practicing polygamy, and today seeks actively to distance itself from " fundamentalist " groups that continue the practice.

Constitutionally, foreign policy is to be guided by “ the principles of the United Nations Charter, nonalignment, Panchsheel principles of peaceful coexistence, international law and the value of world peace .” In practice, foreign policy has not been directed toward projecting influence internationally but toward preserving autonomy and addressing domestic economic and security issues.

Physical therapists also practice in non-patient care roles such as health policy, health insurance, health care administration and as health care executives.

This policy was held more in theory than in practice and was eventually repudiated centuries later.

Official policy also varies from common practice for the degree Celsius (° C ).

Although, in theory, the country is an absolute monarchy, in practice major policy decisions are made outside these formal governmental structures and not solely by the king.

In practice, members of parliament of all major parties are strictly controlled by whips who try to ensure they vote according to party policy.

Ukraine considers Euro-Atlantic integration its primary foreign policy objective, but in practice balances its relationship with Europe and the United States with strong ties to Russia.

Since the development of cannon, the word " artillery " in practice has largely meant cannon ; in contemporary usage it usually refers to shell-firing guns, howitzers, mortars, and rockets.

In practice, Presbyterianism meant that committees of lay elders had a substantial voice in church government, as opposed to merely being subjects to a ruling hierarchy.

Arias thus remained barred from a second term as president ; however, in April 2003 – by which time two of the four judges who had voted against the change in 2000 had been replaced – the Court reconsidered the issue and, with the only dissenters being the two anti-reelection judges remaining from 2000, declared the 1969 amendment null and thus opened the way to reelection for former presidents – which in practice meant Arias.

Initially limited frequency space meant that Channel 4 could not be broadcast alongside S4C, though some English Channel 4 programmes would be aired at less popular times on the Welsh variant, a practice that carried on up until the closure of S4C's analogue transmissions in 2010.

Faith involves more than outward obedience to this authority, but also must be based on a deep personal understanding of religious teachings. By faith is meant, first, conscious knowledge, and second, the practice of good deeds.

The arrival of the Abbasid army to Arabia in the 8th century seems to have meant that tolerance for homosexual practice subsequently spread more widely under the new dynasty.

This recognition meant a departure for Otsuka from his medical practice and the fulfilment of a life's ambition — to become a full-time martial artist.

In practice this has meant that elections have been held every three to five years at the discretion of the Prime Minister.

Other parts of the training was meant to give them practice in maneuvering the spacecraft and get in and out of its narrow openings wearing a space suit.

In practice the new sharia courts in Nigeria have most often meant the reintroduction of harsh punishments without respecting the much tougher rules of evidence and testimony.

" By this, James meant that truth is a quality, the value of which is confirmed by its effectiveness when applying concepts to practice ( thus, " pragmatic ").

The practice of taijiquan is meant to be in harmony with taiji philosophy, utilising and manipulating qi via taiji, to produce great effect with minimal effort.

Assimilation presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others, so that in practice the assimilation policy in the colonies meant extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs.

The fear was not unfounded, because in practice it meant Amsterdam stipulated what happened.

This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or the bank.

Kuji-kiri is an esoteric practice which, when performed with an array of hand " seals " ( kuji-in ), was meant to allow the ninja to enact superhuman feats.

Raeder's repeated insistence that he was " above politics " meant in practice that the was loyal to the Reich, not the republic.

As a counterpart to his policy of terror, Raeder placed great emphasis on " spiritual leadership " as a war-winning factor in the Kriegsmarine, which in practice meant an intense program of National Socialist propaganda.

In practice ESEA meant helping all public school districts, with more money going to districts that had large proportions of students from poor families ( which included all the big cities ).

The size of the territory of the tribe of Judah meant that in practice it had four distinct regions:

Osteopathic medicine in the United States has always meant a physician trained in and entitled to the full scope of medical practice.

Thirdly, although this engine used positive steam pressure to push water up out of the engine ( with no theoretical limit to the height to which water could be lifted by a single high-pressure engine ) practical and safety considerations meant that in practice, to clear water from a deep mine would have needed a series of moderate-pressure engines all the way from the bottom level to the surface.

The Romantic era in music was to accept the centrality of this practice, codify the form explicitly and make instrumental music in this form central to concert and chamber composition and practice, in particular for works that were meant to be regarded as " serious " works of music.