Augustine ( 354 – 430 ) applied the title Confessions to his autobiographical work, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau used the same title in the 18th century, initiating the chain of confessional and sometimes racy and highly self-critical, autobiographies of the Romantic era and beyond.

In the Romantic era and the 20th century, composers such as Wagner, Mahler, Beethoven, Busoni, and Prokofiev also requested notes below the low E. There are two common methods for making these notes available to the player.

Musical impressionism occurred as a reaction to the excesses of the Romantic era.

Originating in France, musical Impressionism is characterized by suggestion and atmosphere, and eschews the emotional excesses of the Romantic era.

This stabilizing synthesis of the Realist political and Romantic aesthetic ideology, was called by various names: in Great Britain it is the Victorian era.

When a student is taking western classical music lessons, music teachers often spend some time explaining the different eras of western classical music, such as the Baroque era, the Classical era, the Romantic era, and the Modern era, because each era is associated with different styles of music and different performance practice techniques.

Their significance for the history of violin playing and the music of the Romantic era, Stiftung Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft der Universität Zürich, Zurich, 1997

In particular, he was regarded in the Romantic era as embodying the lone genius whose efforts to improve human existence could also result in tragedy: Mary Shelley, for instance, gave The Modern Prometheus as the subtitle to her novel Frankenstein ( 1818 ).

For the Romantic era, Prometheus was the rebel who resisted all forms of institutional tyranny epitomized by Zeus — church, monarch, and patriarch.

In the Romantic era, Triglav became one of the symbols of Slovene identity.

During the second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural center for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism.

The influence of the Sturm und Drang (" Storm and Stress ") period in music, with its brief foreshadowing of the Romantic era, is evident in the music of both composers at that time.

* The start of the Romantic era, which lasts until the mid-to-late 1850s and the beginning of the Victorian era.

The play entered the Romantic era with John Philip Kemble's company in 1801.

John Philip Sousa (; November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932 ) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known particularly for American military and patriotic marches.

Since the Romantic era, the cello has received as much attention as the piano and violin as a concerto instrument, and many great Romantic and even more 20th century composers left examples.

Antonín Dvořák ’ s cello concerto ranks among the supreme examples from the Romantic era while those of Robert Schumann, Carl Reinecke, David Popper, and Julius Klengel focus on the lyrical qualities of the instrument.

In the Romantic era:

During the early Romantic era, composers such as Beethoven and Mendelssohn began to use the term to refer to independent, self-existing instrumental, programmatic works that presaged genres such as the symphonic poem.

Ludwig van Beethoven ( 1770 – 1827 ) was the leading composer of Romantic music.

Romantic composers were using long forms of music, e. g. symphony and concerto, while impressionist composers were favoring short forms such as nocturne, arabesque and prelude.

" In most aspects what some would call impressionist music is indistinguishable from late Romantic music.

Vaughan Williams ' music utilizes melodies and harmonies found in English folk music, such as the pentatonic scale and modes, making it perfectly suited to the polarity-breaking ideals of the impressionist movement, which began moving away from the Major-minor based tonality of the Romantic composers.

* Brahms by Malcolm MacDonald is a biography and discussion of virtually everything Brahms composed, along with chapters examining his position in Romantic music, his devotion to Early Music, and his influence on later composers.

The poems also exerted an influence on the burgeoning of Romantic music, and Franz Schubert, in particular composed Lieder setting many of Ossian's poems.

Even the music of the Romantic movement, including Liszt, Chopin, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn and Johannes Brahms, was written for pianos substantially different from modern pianos.

The Romantic composer Franz Liszt set three of Petrarch's Sonnets ( 47, 104, and 123 ) to music for voice, Tre sonetti del Petrarca, which he later would transcribe for solo piano for inclusion in the suite Années de Pèlerinage.

# REDIRECT Romantic music

Romantic music is a term describing a style of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century.

Romantic music as a movement evolved from the formats, genres and musical ideas established in earlier periods, such as the classical period, and went further in the name of expression and syncretism of different art forms with music.

Romantic music attempted to increase emotional expression and power to describe deeper truths or human feelings, while preserving but in many cases extending the formal structures from the classical period, in others, creating new forms that were deemed better suited to the new subject matter.

simple: Romantic music

* Alexander Goldscheider set the entire text to music and recorded it with Jaroslava Maxová, Jaroslav Březina and Romantic Robot Orchestra on a CD released by Romantic Robot, London.

In the United States, the leading Romantic movement was the Hudson River School of dramatic landscape painting.

The myth was perpetuated by Romeyn de Hooghe's Spiegel van Staat der Vereenigden Nederlanden (" Mirror of the State of the United Netherlands ", 1706 ), which also ran to many editions, and it was revived in the atmosphere of Romantic nationalism in the late eighteenth-century reforms that saw a short-lived Batavian Republic and, in the colony of the Dutch East Indies, a capital ( now Jakarta ) that was named Batavia.

Ludwig van Beethoven is also sometimes regarded either as a Romantic composer or a composer who was part of the transition to the Romantic.

Another pupil of David's, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres became the most important artist of the restored Royal Academy and the figurehead of the Neoclassical school of art, engaging the increasingly popular Romantic school of art that was beginning to challenge Neoclassicism.

Subtitled From Romantic to Revolutionary, it was part of an effort by the Communist Party Historians ' Group, inspired by Torr, to emphasise the domestic roots of Marxism in Britain at a time when the Communist Party was under attack for always following the Moscow line.

Edgar Allan Poe ( born Edgar Poe ; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849 ) was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement.

Many modern writers of horror ( or indeed other types of fiction ) exhibit considerable Gothic sensibilities — examples include the works of Anne Rice, as well as some of the sensationalist works of Stephen King The Romantic strand of Gothic was taken up in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca ( 1938 ) which is in many respects a reworking of Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre.

Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901 ) was an Italian Romantic composer, mainly of opera.

Weimar Classicism (" Weimarer Klassik ") was a cultural and literary movement based in Weimar that sought to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical, and Enlightenment ideas.

In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by Carl Maria von Weber ( 1786 – 1826 ) and perfected by Richard Wagner ( 1813 – 1883 ) in his Ring Cycle.

Yet his idea, which emerged in the context of the ethnocentric and nationalistic scholarship of the late 18th and 19th centuries, gained traction and was modified over time to support Romantic nationalism and Turanism.

Fingal written in 1762 was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the Romantic movement in European, and especially in German, literature, influencing Herder and Goethe.

During the reign of the July Monarchy, the Romantic Era was starting to bloom.

Driven by the Romantic Era, an atmosphere of protest and revolt was all around in France.

John Keats (; 31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821 ) was an English Romantic poet.

The first of the negative reviews was written by William Hazlitt, literary critic and Romantic writer.

Another important influence during this period was the Romantic aesthetic movement, which venerated the natural world and frequently made reference to the deities of antiquity.

The work was internationally popular and was influential in the development of the Romantic movement.