Displacement can also occur as a result of slow-onset climate change, such as desertification or sea-level rise.

Functional MRI analyses of the anterior cingulate cortex have also led to the introduction of bilateral cingulotomy for the treatment of chronic pain.

Another clinical study investigated the effect of bilateral cingulotomy for the treatment of refractory chronic pain.

The formation of bilateral kidney stones often indicates underlying chronic kidney disease.

The signs and symptoms of hydronephrosis depend upon whether the obstruction is acute or chronic, partial or complete, unilateral or bilateral.

The prognosis of hydronephrosis is extremely variable, and depends on the condition leading to hydronephrosis, whether one ( unilateral ) or both ( bilateral ) kidneys are affected, the pre-existing kidney function, the duration of hydronephrosis ( acute or chronic ), and whether hydronephrosis occurred in developing or mature kidneys.

Isolated cases exhibit central nervous system involvement, including dementia, confusion, chronic encephalopathy and sensory and motor deficits.

Chagas disease is a growing problem in Europe, because the majority of cases with chronic infection are asymptomatic and because of migration from Latin America.

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are " a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias “ slim disease ”, diarrhea and tuberculosis " that result from malnutrition and poor sanitation.

When used in chronic cases it has been much less efficient.

In chronic opioid users, such as those on Chronic Opioid Analgesic Therapy ( COAT ) for managing severe, chronic pain, behavioural testing has shown normal functioning on perception, cognition, coordination and behaviour in most cases.

In a small number of cases, acute or chronic maxillary sinusitis is associated with a dental infection.

It has been hypothesized that biofilm bacterial infections may account for many cases of antibiotic-refractory chronic sinusitis.

In 2007, there were an estimated 13. 7 million chronic active cases globally, while in 2010, there were an estimated 8. 8 million new cases and 1. 5 million associated deaths, mostly occurring in developing countries.

" Beginning in 1947 Swedish psychiatrist Snorre Wohlfahrt evaluated early trials, reporting that it is " distinctly hazardous to leucotomize schizophrenics " and lobotomy to be " still too imperfect to enable us, with its aid, to venture on a general offensive against chronic cases of mental disorder " and stating that " Psychosurgery has as yet failed to discover its precise indications and contraindications and the methods must unfortunately still be regarded as rather crude and hazardous in many respects.

Other choices for managing care are case management, in which patients with catastrophic cases are identified, or disease management, in which patients with certain chronic diseases like diabetes, asthma, or some forms of cancer are identified.

Thus, the bacterium can cause a chronic active gastritis ( type B gastritis ), resulting in a defect in the regulation of gastrin production by that part of the stomach, and gastrin secretion can either be increased, or as in most cases, decreased, resulting in hypo-or achlorhydria.

Measuring ferritin provides another crude estimate of whole body iron stores though many conditions, particularly inflammation ( but also chronic alcohol consumption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and others ), can elevate serum ferritin-which can account for up to 90 % of cases where elevated levels are observed.

Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells, in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia.

Pain can be severe and can, in some cases, be both acute and chronic in nature.

It can be caused by chronic meningitis and neurosyphilis that would increase intracranial pressure over a long period of time, and in some cases by ciliopathy including ciliopathy due to primary ciliary dyskinesia ( Kartagener syndrome, Afzelius ’ syndrome or Siewert ’ s syndrome ).

Severe cases of psoriasis have been shown to affect health-related quality of life to an extent similar to the effects of other chronic diseases, such as depression, hypertension, congestive heart failure or type 2 diabetes.

In addition to transplants, ciclosporin is also used in psoriasis, severe atopic dermatitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic autoimmune urticaria, and, infrequently, in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, although it is only used in severe cases.

In severe, chronic cases, bruxism can lead to arthritis of the temporomandibular joints.

Carr Gomm contacted other institutions and hospitals more suited to caring for chronic cases, but none would accept Merrick.

The Rome III criteria are widely used to diagnose chronic constipation, and are helpful in separating cases of chronic functional constipation from less-serious instances.

In cases of chronic constipation, prokinetics may be used to improve gastrointestinal motility.

In severe cases, vestibular neuritis can become a chronic health problem that may lead to damage of the vestibular nerve ( s ) which can subsequently result in complications relating to balance and equilibrium which may persist for months or more.

ACE inhibitors are used primarily to treat hypertension, although they may also be prescribed for cardiac failure, diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, renal involvement in systemic sclerosis ( scleroderma renal crisis ), left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and acute myocardial infarction.

A recent study suggests an epidemiological association between chronic periodontitis ( periodontal inflammation ) and erectile dysfunction, similarly to the association between periodontitis and coronary heart diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases.

In 1994, responding to the need for a more useful system for describing chronic pain, the International Association for the Study of Pain ( IASP ) classified pain according to specific characteristics: ( 1 ) region of the body involved ( e. g., abdomen, lower limbs ), ( 2 ) system whose dysfunction may be causing the pain ( e. g., nervous, gastrointestinal ), ( 3 ) duration and pattern of occurrence, ( 4 ) intensity and time since onset, and ( 5 ) etiology.

Other forms of chronic renal dysfunction may occur.

And, although physical signs of chronic liver dysfunction may not be present, many patients suffer liver impairment leading to liver failure.

In addition, there is an interaction between acute and chronic symptoms of brain dysfunction ; delirious states are more easily produced in people already suffering with underlying chronic brain dysfunction.

* Respiratory dysfunction ( in the absence of cyanotic heart disease or known chronic lung disease )

Eustachian tube dysfunction can be caused by recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection.

Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example: hypertension, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, arthritis or thyroid dysfunction.

Other common manifestations of neurosarcoid include optic nerve dysfunction, papilledema, palate dysfunction, hearing abnormalities, hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities, chronic meningitis, and peripheral neuropathy.

SBE is a chronic state of mild bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction.

Moreover, a dysfunction in pain inhibitory systems may also play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic tension-type headache.

Liver transplantation is potentially applicable to any acute or chronic condition resulting in irreversible liver dysfunction, provided that the recipient does not have other conditions that will preclude a successful transplant.

Other symptoms sometimes found along with dissociation in victims of traumatic abuse ( often referred to as " sequelae to abuse ") include anxiety, PTSD, low self-esteem, somatization, depression, chronic pain, interpersonal dysfunction, substance abuse, self-mutilation and suicidal ideation or actions.

Common chronic illnesses usually treated in primary care may include, for example: hypertension, angina, diabetes, asthma, COPD, depression and anxiety, back pain, arthritis or thyroid dysfunction.

Free radical-induced vascular dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease found in chronic diabetic patients.

Pelvic floor dysfunction may include any of a group of clinical conditions that includes urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, sensory and emptying abnormalities of the lower urinary tract, defecatory dysfunction, sexual dysfunction and several chronic pain syndromes, including vulvodynia.

An individual may be in the compensated phase of mitral regurgitation for years, but will eventually develop left ventricular dysfunction, the hallmark for the chronic decompensated phase of mitral regurgitation.