Max Weber published four major texts on religion in a context of economic sociology and his rationalization thesis: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism ( 1905 ), The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism ( 1915 ), The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism ( 1915 ), and Ancient Judaism ( 1920 ).

In the introduction to his collected oeuvre on the sociology of religion, Max Weber asks why " the scientific, the artistic, the political, or the economic development … did not enter upon that path of rationalization which is peculiar to the Occident?

Modern sociology evolved in part as a reaction to the problems associated with modernity, such as industrialization and the process of ' rationalization '.

race — racism — radical — radical sociology — rape — rationalisation process — rationality — rationalization — realism — rebellion — recidivism — reciprocity — recursiveness of social knowledge — reductionism — reflexive — reflexive sociology — reflexivity — reform movement — reify — relations of production — relative autonomy — relative deprivation — relative poverty — relativism — religion — representative democracy — research methods — reserve army of labour — resocialization — restratification — retirement home — revolution — riot — risk — rite of passage — ritual — role — role conflict — rural sociology — ruling class — ruling elite — relationships with parents

Weber's major works in economic sociology and the sociology of religion dealt with the rationalization, secularisation, and so called " disenchantment " which he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity.

In sociology, rationalization is the process whereby an increasing number of social actions become based on considerations of teleological efficiency or calculation rather than on motivations derived from morality, emotion, custom, or tradition.

Modern academic sociology arose as a reaction to modernity, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization, and secularization, bearing a particularly strong interest in the emergence of the modern nation state ; its constituent institutions, its units of socialization, and its means of surveillance.

The founders of sociology were acting as a critical reaction to rationalization:

In sociology a social rule refers to any social convention commonly adhered to in a society.

In sociology, population refers to a collection of human beings.

* In sociology, heterogamy refers to a marriage between two individuals that differ in a certain criterion, and is contrasted with homogamy for a marriage or union between partners that match according to that criterion.

In sociology, informational society refers to a post-modern type of society.

In sociology, a discipline that arose in direct response to the social problems of " modernity " ( Harriss 2000, 325 ), the term most generally refers to the social conditions, processes, and discourses consequent to the Age of Enlightenment.

In sociology, industrial society refers to a society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production, supporting a large population with a high capacity for division of labour.

Social order is a concept used in sociology, history and other social sciences that refers to a set of linked social structures, social institutions and social practices which conserve, maintain and enforce " normal " ways of relating and behaving.

Current usage of the term " complexity " in the field of sociology typically refers specifically to theories of society as a Complex Adaptive System ( CAS ).

In sociology, social action refers to an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals ( or ' agents ').

This distinction seems counter-intuitive to American law students today because we are predisposed to assume that " common law " refers exclusively to a jurisdiction's local rules, while assuming in turn that domains previously accounted for as natural law are governed by the social sciences ( e. g. sociology, anthropology, economics, game theory, cognitive science ).

Public sociology refers to an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy in order to engage with wider audiences.

In the fields of anthropology, sociology, and psychology, symbolic system refers to a system of interconnected symbolic meanings.

Mass action in sociology refers to the situations where a large number of people behave simultaneously in a similar way but individually and without coordination.

Group behaviour ( or group behavior ) in sociology refers to the situations where people interact in large or small groups.

In sociology, legal behavior refers to variations in the methods and degree of governmental social control of behavior.

Comparative sociology generally refers to sociological analysis that involves comparison of social processes between nation-states, or across different types of society ( for example capitalist and socialist ).

The traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology, and sociology then evolved into something more closely resembling the modern views of these disciplines and informed the development of the social sciences, of which anthropology was a part.

Anthropology in France has a less clear genealogy than the British and American traditions, in part because many French writers influential in anthropology have been trained or held faculty positions in sociology, philosophy, or other fields rather than in anthropology.

In the intermediate sense, it includes all relevant cultures and a range of musical forms, styles, genres and traditions, but tends to be confined to the humanities-a combination of historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and the humanities of systematic musicology ( philosophy, theoretical sociology, aesthetics ).

In the second sense ( the codified language of a field of enquiry ), and in the third sense ( a statement, un énoncé ), the analyses of discourse are effected in the intellectual traditions that investigate and determine the relations among language and structure and agency, as in the fields of sociology, feminist studies, anthropology, ethnography, cultural studies, literary theory, and the philosophy of science.

Occasionally, in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method, it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis, although these traditions have tended to be less pronounced than in other social sciences, such as sociology.

Several traditions use the term Social Constructivism: psychology ( after Lev Vygotsky ), sociology ( after Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, themselves influenced by Alfred Schütz ), sociology of knowledge ( David Bloor ), sociology of mathematics ( Sal Restivo ), philosophy of mathematics ( Paul Ernest ).

His writings, on a variety of subjects, inspired scholars working in a number of different traditions ( Marxism, semiotics, structuralism, religious criticism ) and in disciplines as diverse as literary criticism, history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and psychology.

Dynamic social network analysis is linked to a variety of methodological traditions, above and beyond systems thinking, including graph theory, traditional social network analysis in sociology, and mathematical sociology.

Computational sociology is influenced by a number of micro-sociological areas as wells as the macro-level traditions of systems science and systems thinking.

Rogers identifies six main traditions that impacted diffusion research: anthropology, early sociology, rural sociology, education, industrial, and medical sociology.

His canon was guided by a desire to " unify the divergent theoretical traditions in sociology behind a single theoretical scheme, one that could in fact be justified by purely scientific developments in the discipline during the previous half century.

Scholarly traditions of jurisprudence, history, philology and sociology developed during this time and informed the development of the social sciences of which anthropology was a part.

Up to this time, sociology had approached children and childhood mainly from a socialization perspective, and the emergence of the new childhood sociological paradigm ran parallel to the feminist critique of sociological traditions.

He has drawn upon his knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

In epidemiology, sociology and finance, the quartiles of a population are the four subpopulations defined by classifying individuals according to whether the value concerned falls into one of the four ranges defined by the three values discussed above.

The last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values ; the antipositivism and verstehen sociology of Max Weber firmly demanded on this distinction.

In sociology, value theory is concerned with personal values which are popularly held by a community, and how those values might change under particular conditions.

In the 20th-century, Antonio Gramsci developed the philosophy and the sociology of geopolitical hegemony into the theory of cultural hegemony, whereby one social class can manipulate the system of values and mores of a society, in order to create and establish a ruling-class Weltanschauung, a worldview that justifies the status quo of bourgeois domination of the other social classes of the society.

Comparisons between economics and sociology have resulted in a corresponding term Homo sociologicus ( introduced by German Sociologist Ralf Dahrendorf in 1958 ), to parody the image of human nature given in some sociological models that attempt to limit the social forces that determine individual tastes and social values.

Prolific and popular writers such as Ali Bulaç, Rasim Özdenören, and Ismet Özel have drawn upon their knowledge of Western philosophy, Marxist sociology, and radical Islamist political theory to advocate a modern Islamic perspective that does not hesitate to criticize genuine societal ills while simultaneously remaining faithful to the ethical values and spiritual dimensions of religion.

Marshall argues that, contrary to Black ’ s stated goal of making sociology more scientific, his approach is actually antithetical to modern scientific values and practices — a theme reiterated by Stephen Turner in the same symposium.

It is perhaps best understood as a style of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values.

Finally, the critical imagination, exposing the gap between what is and what could be, infuses values into public sociology to remind us that the world could be different.

Structural functionalism is close to humanistic sociology in its understanding of society as shared norms and values.