In probability theory and statistics there is an unrelated measure of linear dependence between random variables.

Sample-based statistics intended to estimate population measures of dependence may or may not have desirable statistical properties such as being unbiased, or asymptotically consistent, based on the spatial structure of the population from which the data were sampled.

In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ( sometimes referred to as the PPMCC or PCC, or Pearson's r, and is typically denoted by r ) is a measure of the correlation ( linear dependence ) between two variables X and Y, giving a value between + 1 and − 1 inclusive.

In statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient or Spearman's rho, named after Charles Spearman and often denoted by the Greek letter ( rho ) or as, is a non-parametric measure of statistical dependence between two variables.

Kettell gathered an array of statistics in his book on Southern Wealth and Northern Profits, to show that the South produced vast wealth, while the North, with its dependence on raw materials, siphoned off the wealth of the South.

A crucial problem of multivariate statistics is finding ( direct -) dependence structure underlying the variables contained in high dimensional contingency tables.

In spatial statistics the theoretical variogram is a function describing the degree of spatial dependence of a spatial random field or stochastic process.

* Roads In Japan, from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism ( MLIT )-English and Japanese website, link refers specifically to 5 PDF chapters-as well as a reference chapter-on road history, statistics, maps, construction and advanced road technologies in Japan ( graphics throughout, 41 total pages ).

The term " neural network " usually refers to models employed in statistics, cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence.

* In statistics, standardization refers to conversion to standard scores.

Bayesian refers to methods in probability and statistics named after Thomas Bayes ( ca.

In statistics, a meta-analysis refers to methods focused on contrasting and combining results from different studies, in the hope of identifying patterns among study results, sources of disagreement among those results, or other interesting relationships that may come to light in the context of multiple studies.

Spin and statistics refers to the fact that in quantum field theory it can be proved that spin 1 / 2 particles obey Fermi-Dirac statistics whereas integer spin 0, 1, 2 particles obey Bose-Einstein statistics.

In science and statistics, validity has no single agreed definition but generally refers to the extent to which a concept, conclusion or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.

* In statistics ( hypothesis testing ), the size of the test refers to the rate of false positives, denoted by α

In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process.

In statistics and machine learning, discretization refers to the process of converting continuous features or variables to discretized or nominal features.

is an example of a model with an interaction between variables x < sub > 1 </ sub > and x < sub > 2 </ sub > (" error " refers to the random variable whose value is that by which Y differs from the expected value of Y ; see errors and residuals in statistics ).

In Shannon's original definitions, confusion refers to making the relationship between the plaintext and the ciphertext as complex and involved as possible ; diffusion refers to the property that the redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is " dissipated " in the statistics of the ciphertext.

In medicine and statistics, gold standard test refers to a diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.

In probability and statistics, decoupling refers to a reduction of a sample statistic to an average of the statistic evaluated on several independent sequences of the random variable.

The system defines not only detailed subject classifications, but also an algebraic notation for referring to the intersection of several subjects ; for example, the notation < nowiki >" 31 :( 485 )"</ nowiki > refers to the statistics of mining and metallurgy in Sweden.

In statistics, " ranking " refers to the data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced by their rank when the data are sorted.

Strike rate refers to two different statistics in the sport of cricket.

In statistics and econometrics, the term panel data refers to multi-dimensional data.

In economic statistics, a regimen refers to the selected goods and / or services priced for the purpose of compiling a price index.

In the piece, Swift adopts the " technique of a political arithmetician " to show the utter ridiculousness of trying to prove any proposal with dispassionate statistics.

In statistics, the term analysis may refer to any method used

In baseball statistics, on-base percentage ( OBP ; sometimes referred to as on-base average / OBA, as the statistic is rarely presented as a true percentage ) is a measure of how often a batter reaches base for any reason other than a fielding error, fielder's choice, dropped / uncaught third strike, fielder's obstruction, or catcher's interference ( the latter two are ignored as either times-on-base ( TOB ) or plate appearances in calculating OBP ).

All such adjustments to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law or social engineering to enforce or encourage any particular social norm.

The modern census is essential to international comparisons of any kind of statistics and censuses collect data on many attributes of the population, not just how many people they are, although population estimates remain an important function of the census.

In particle physics, a fermion ( a name coined by Paul Dirac from the surname of Enrico Fermi ) is any particle characterized by Fermi – Dirac statistics and following the Pauli exclusion principle ; fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particle made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

In the 15th century and earlier, and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics, individual means " indivisible ", typically describing any numerically singular thing, but sometimes meaning " a person.

In probability theory and statistics, kurtosis ( from the Greek word κυρτός, kyrtos or kurtos, meaning bulging ) is any measure of the " peakedness " of the probability distribution of a real-valued random variable.

* Free Online Software ( Calculator ) computes various types of skewness and kurtosis statistics for any dataset ( includes small and large sample tests )..

Phalangists entered the camps on September 16 at 6: 00 and remained until the morning of September 19, massacring 700 – 800 Palestinians, according to official Israeli statistics, " none apparently members of any PLO unit ".

As invoked in everyday life, the " law " usually reflects bad statistics or wishful thinking rather than any mathematical principle.

Since, nonrelativistically, particles can have any statistics and any spin, there is no way to prove a spin-statistics theorem in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics.

According to Poisson statistics the actual number of electrons in any nanosecond would vary by 10 electrons rms, so that one sixth of the time less than 90 electrons would pass a point and one sixth of the time more than 110 electrons would be counted in a nanosecond.

The term is a buzzword, and is frequently misused to mean any form of large-scale data or information processing ( collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics ) but is also generalized to any kind of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence, machine learning, and business intelligence.

So allowance needs to be made for error in the underlying statistics when any accounting of population size or change is made.

Bayesian updating is an important technique throughout statistics, and especially in mathematical statistics: Exhibiting a Bayesian derivation for a statistical method automatically ensures that the method works as well as any competing method, for some cases.

Given any random variables X < sub > 1 </ sub >, X < sub > 2 </ sub >..., X < sub > n </ sub >, the order statistics X < sub >( 1 )</ sub >, X < sub >( 2 )</ sub >, ..., X < sub >( n )</ sub > are also random variables, defined by sorting the values ( realizations ) of X < sub > 1 </ sub >, ..., X < sub > n </ sub > in increasing order.

We also give a simple method to derive the joint distribution of any number of order statistics, and finally translate these results to arbitrary continuous distributions using the cdf.

This function is used in statistics to predict behavior of any sample with respect to the population mean.

In addition, the Python extension allows SPSS to run any of the statistics in the free software package R. From version 14 onwards SPSS can be driven externally by a Python or a VB. NET program using supplied " plug-ins ".