Many chemical properties of astatine have been determined using tracer studies on extremely dilute astatine solutions.

From these studies arose the concept of using aerial applications of herbicides to destroy enemy crops to disrupt their food supply.

Fundamental life processes such as cell division and protein synthesis can be studied using plants without the moral issues that come with conducting studies upon animals or humans.

Regarding breast-feeding capability after breast reduction surgery, studies reported that women who underwent breast reduction can retain the ability to nurse an infant child, when compared to women in a control group who underwent breast surgery using a modern pedicle surgical technique.

Meta-analyses of linkage studies detected either no significant genome-wide findings or, using a different methodology, only two genome-wide significant peaks, on chromosome 6q and on 8q21.

Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes ; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information ; doing scientific studies using computers ; making computer systems behave intelligently ; creating and using communications and entertainment media ; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.

Modern scientific investigations into consciousness are based on psychological experiments ( including, for example, the investigation of priming effects using subliminal stimuli ), and on case studies of alterations in consciousness produced by trauma, illness, or drugs.

Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods " Duesberg also claims that Kaposi's Sarcoma is " exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs ", but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa, and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.

Archaeological studies of rock art in Northern Australia suggest that the people of the Kakadu region of the Northern Territory have been using the didgeridoo for less than 1, 000 years, based on the dating of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period.

Logic is a formal theory of judgment, that studies the formal a priori relations among judgments using meaning categories.

As with other branches of statistics, experimental design is pursued using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches: In evaluating statistical procedures like experimental designs, frequentist statistics studies the sampling distribution while Bayesian statistics updates a probability distribution on the parameter space.

Accurate analysis of data using standardized statistical methods in scientific studies is critical to determining the validity of empirical research.

Diaspora studies scholars extend this non-geographically bound concept of " nation " among diasporic communities, at times using the term ethnonation or ethnonationalism to describe a conceptual collective of dispersed ethnics.

Early animal studies received attention in the media, and some doctors began controversially using the chemical off-label.

In such cases, economists rely on observational studies, often using data sets with many strongly associated covariates, resulting in enormous numbers of models with similar explanatory ability but different covariates and regression estimates.

One of the first statistical studies of ESP, using card-guessing, was conducted by Ina Jephson, in the 1920s.

Indeed, a number of studies dispute the reality of this statistical distinction or its increasing occurrence, or both, either arguing the reliable record is too short to detect such a distinction, finding no distinction or trend using other statistical approaches, or that other types should be distinguished, such as standard and extreme El Niños.

Discovery of techniques for killing bacteria using heat, and other microbiological studies by scientists such as Louis Pasteur, contributed to the modern sanitation standards that are ubiquitous in developed nations today.

In vitro () studies in experimental biology are those that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms.

Population-based studies ( e. g. Michael, et al., 2000 ) using the SF-36 have found significant decrease in QoL dimensions, including role / physical, bodily pain, vitality and social function, results that were supported by Rothrock's ( et al., 2002 ) cross-sectional study of IC patients showing decreased physical functioning, decreased ability to function in one's normal role, decreased vitality, and depression.

" For his failing to tell students they had the option not to participate in his studies without incurring additional work, the university barred Rushton for two years from using students as research subjects.

His preoccupation with the relationship of the image to the containing edge of the picture led him to a series of studies of concentric rings, or bull ’ s-eyes, or as they were known-Targets-like the one reproduced here called Beginning from 1958, using unlikely color combinations.

During these four years in Switzerland, he worked on theoretical architectural studies using modern techniques.

Although he conducted some of his studies using vivisection and others through the dissection of corpses, his most illustrative efforts appear to have been based on the use of the microscope.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

In 2001, an article by four doctors in Kidney International, the official journal of the International Society of Nephrology, noted that although to date there had been no controlled studies performed in patients with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease with refractory pain, their personal observation in isolated cases indicated that the Alexander Technique helped relieve patients ' pain, particularly when accompanied with whirlpool treatments and massage therapy.

Their studies expanded to include Native American music, but still treated folk music as a historical item preserved in isolated societies.

In organized studies of new treatments for cancer, the pre-clinical development of drugs, devices, and techniques begins in laboratories, either with isolated cells or in small animals, most commonly rats or mice.

Their studies expanded to include Native American music, but still treated folk music as a historical item preserved in isolated societies.

Histological studies may be conducted via tissue culture, where live cells can be isolated and maintained in a proper environment outside the body for various research projects.

While comparatively few studies of this type have been performed, results from these suggest that some of the most readily isolated and studied genera may not in fact be significant in the in-situ community.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

A number of psychiatric disorders have often been tentatively linked with microbial pathogens, particularly viruses ; however while there have been some suggestions of links from animal studies, and some inconsistent evidence for infectious and immune mechanisms ( including prenatally ) in some human disorders, infectious disease models in psychiatry are reported to have not yet shown significant promise except in isolated cases.

While some isolated studies have indicated that technical trading rules might lead to consistent returns in the period prior to 1987, most academic work has focused on the nature of the anomalous position of the foreign exchange market.

In addition, studies of young children in an isolated tribe have shown logarithmic scales to be the most natural display of numbers by humans.

In 1873 and 1874, he made field studies along the western flank of the Sierra on the distribution and ecology of isolated groves of Giant Sequoia.

Two studies involving isolated, largely homogenetic communities have contrarily mapped putative gene locations to chromosomes 16q and 20q.

For therapy trials in ulcerative colitis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis there are only isolated reports and pilot studies from which there is not yet sufficient evidence of safety and efficacy.

Many of his long-time friends stood by him, however, and he was able to continue his studies and research without being totally isolated.

The complex nature of wear has delayed its investigations and resulted in isolated studies towards specific wear mechanisms or processes.

However, recent studies suggest that tepuis are not as isolated as originally believed.

Despite being isolated from the mainstream of the scholarly and political community, he continued his studies especially of international law from the 1950s on, and he received a never-ending stream of visitors, both colleagues and younger intellectuals, until well into his old age.

Such an environment, very similar to an isolated outpost of mundane humanity, requires a support staff to fulfill the various mundane responsibilities that the mages pass over in favor of their magical studies: cooking, cleaning, farming, physical security and so on.

identifies some of the research problems for secondary co-op as follows: federal data collection on high school co-op enrollments and completions ceased in the 1980s ; some studies use data in which co-op was not isolated from other work experience programs.

Several studies have argued that, unlike physical and sexual maltreatment, an isolated incident does not constitute emotional abuse.

Some polysaccharide components and cordycepin, which have some anticancer activity in preliminary in vitro and animal studies, have been isolated from C. sinensis and C. militaris.

Ergine ( LSA ), isoergine ,-lysergic acid N -( α-hydroxyethyl ) amide and lysergol have been isolated from I. tricolor, I. violacea and / or purple morning glory ( I. purpurea ); although these are often assumed to be the cause of the plants ' effects, this is not supported by scientific studies, which show although they are psychoactive, they are not notably hallucinogenic.