In telecommunication, antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency.

In telecommunication, an equivalent noise resistance is a quantitative representation in resistance units of the spectral density of a noise-voltage generator, given by

In telecommunication, equivalent pulse code modulation noise ( PCM ) is the amount of thermal noise power on a frequency-division multiplexing ( FDM ) or wire channel necessary to approximate the same judgment of speech quality created by quantizing noise in a PCM channel.

In telecommunication, the term noise power has the following meanings:

In telecommunication, reference noise is the magnitude of circuit noise chosen as a reference for measurement.

It is interesting for application in telecommunication fibers to amplify inside the standard material with low noise for the amplification process.

Until the early 1980s a called party could instantly recognize an incoming long-distance call by its hiss or low level, due to the inherent signal loss and introduction of noise common with all-analog long-distance telecommunication circuits of the era.

Such services are offered in the United Kingdom ; the telecommunication arbitrage companies get paid an interconnect charge by the UK mobile networks and then buy international routes at a lower cost.

Safaricom mobile service provider and Zain in Kenya are perfect examples of Duopoly market in African telecommunication industry.

with this acquisition all class I tier ISPs mentioned above are owned by the major telecommunication companies operating in the country.

Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the transmitters and receivers needed for such systems.

Rackmounted effects are built into a case designed to integrate into a 19-inch rack standard to the telecommunication and computing industries.

In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

Lebanon possesses a number of systems of telecommunication, some of which are currently being reconstructed following damage during the civil war that ended in 1991.

The Internet and telecommunications are mainly run by the government through a semi-private telecommunication company Libya Telecom & Technology.

The major telecommunication companies in Malaysia are TM Berhad, Celcom ( 013, 019 and 0148 ), Maxis ( 012, 017 and 0142 ), DiGi ( 010, 016, 0146, 014-30, 014-31 and 014-32 ) and U Mobile ( 018 ).

Companies providing telecommunication services are:

In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals ( and light rays ) ( a ) are guided or ducted, ( b ) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and ( c ) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present.

ALE networks are common among organizations engaged in extraordinary situation response such as: natural and man-made disasters, transportation, power, or telecommunication network failures, war, peacekeeping, or stability operations.

In telecommunication, a bridge-to-bridge station is a ship station operating in the port operations service in which messages are restricted to navigational communications and which is capable of operation from the ship's navigational bridge or, in the case of a dredge, from its main control station, operating on a frequency or frequencies in the 156-162 MHz band.

In telecommunication, a cable television relay service station ( CARS ) is a fixed or mobile station used for the transmission of television and related audio signals, signals of standard and FM broadcast stations, signals of instructional television fixed stations, and cablecasting from the point of reception to a terminal point from which the signals are distributed to the public.

In telecommunication, a carrier system ( loosely, a synonym with carrier ) is a multichannel telecommunications system in which a number of individual channels ( e. g. data, audio, video or combination thereof ) are multiplexed for transmission.

In telecommunication, continuous operation is an operation in which certain components, such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times.

In computers the databank is same as that of we use in telecommunication i. e. it is the repository of data. The data in the databank can be any data like credit card transaction of a store or it can be any data base of a company where 1000 of queries are being processed on daily bases.

In telecommunication, a digital transmission group is a group of digitized voice or data channels or both with bit streams that are combined into a single digital bit stream for transmission over communications media.

In telecommunication, electromagnetic interference control ( EMI ) is the control of radiated and conducted energy such that emissions that are unnecessary for system, subsystem, or equipment operation are reduced, minimized, or eliminated.

In telecommunication, a burst error or error burst is a contiguous sequence of symbols, received over a data transmission channel, such that the first and last symbols are in error and there exists no contiguous subsequence of m correctly received symbols within the error burst.

Such amplifiers are often used in telecommunication systems in the form of fiber-pigtailed components, operating at signal wavelengths between 0. 85 µm and 1. 6 µm and generating gains of up to 30 dB.

In contrast to the previously mentioned amplifiers, which are mostly used in telecommunication environments, this type finds its main application in expanding the frequency tunability of ultrafast solid-state lasers ( e. g. Ti: sapphire ).

In telecommunication and astronomy, forward scatter is the deflection — by diffraction, nonhomogeneous refraction, or nonspecular reflection by particulate matter of dimensions that are large with respect to the wavelength in question but small with respect to the beam diameter — of a portion of an incident electromagnetic wave, in such a manner that the energy so deflected propagates in a direction that is within 90 ° of the direction of propagation of the incident wave ( i. e., the phase angle is greater than 90 °).

Originally the teachers communicated with the children via radio, but now satellite telecommunication is used instead.

Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling ( DTMF ) is used for telecommunication signaling over analog telephone lines in the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices and the switching center.

This also applies to data transmission quantities over telecommunication circuits, as the telecommunications and computer networking industries have always used the SI prefixes with their standards-based meaning.

Because of the widespread availability of ADSL services, ISDN is today primarily used for voice and fax traffic, but is still very popular thanks to the pricing policy of German telecommunication providers.

The decimal SI definition, 1 kbit / s = 1000 bit / s, is used uniformly in the context of telecommunication transmission speeds.

QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital telecommunication systems.

Nikola Tesla experimentally demonstrated the transmission and radiation of radio frequency energy in 1892 and 1893 proposing that it might be used for the telecommunication of information.

All information hiding techniques that may be used to exchange steganograms in telecommunication networks can be classified under the general term of network steganography.

Sonera on the other hand used to have monopoly only on trunk network calls, while most ( c. 75 %) of local telecommunication was provided by telephone cooperatives.

The standard rack arrangement is widely used throughout the telecommunication, computing, audio, entertainment and other industries, though the Western Electric 23-inch standard, with holes on centers, prevails in telecommunications.

In telecommunication, Advanced Data Communication Control Procedures ( or Protocol ) ( ADCCP ) is a bit-oriented data link layer protocol used to provide point-to-point and point-to-multipoint transmission of data frames that contain error control information.

In telecommunication, the term means a record of both completed and attempted accesses and service, or data forming a logical path linking a sequence of events, used to trace the transactions that have affected the contents of a record.

In telecommunication, automatic sounding is the testing of selected channels for quality by providing a very brief identifying transmission that may be used by other stations to evaluate connectivity, and availability, and to identify known working channels for immediate or later use for communications or calling.

In telecommunication, a call-second is a unit used to measure communications traffic density.

This concept is also commonly used in telecommunication engineering.

In telecommunication, a common battery is a single electrical power source used to energize more than one circuit, electronic component, equipment, or system.

CMIS / CMIP is most often used in telecommunication applications, in other areas SNMP has become more popular.

In telecommunication, control communications is the branch of technology devoted to the design, development, and application of communications facilities used specifically for control purposes, such as for controlling ( a ) industrial processes, ( b ) movement of resources, ( c ) electric power generation, distribution, and utilization, ( d ) communications networks, and ( e ) transportation systems.

In telecommunication, a cord circuit is a switchboard circuit in which a plug-terminated cord is used to establish connections manually between user lines or between trunks and user lines.

In telecommunication, data transmission circuit is the transmission media and the intervening equipment used for the data transfer between data terminal equipments ( DTEs ).

* Data terminal equipment, an end instrument used in telecommunication and data transmission

In telecommunication, an eye pattern, also known as an eye diagram, is an oscilloscope display in which a digital data signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and applied to the vertical input, while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep.