hooks examines the effect of racism and sexism on black women, the civil rights movement, and feminist movements from suffrage to the 1970s.

She suggests this explains the low numbers of black women who participated in the feminist movement in the 1970s, pointing to Louis Harris ' Virginia Slims poll done in 1972 for Philip Morris that she says showed 62 percent of black women supported " efforts to change women's status " and 67 percent " sympathized with the women's rights movement ", compared with 45 and 35 percent of white women ( also Steinem, 1972 ).

With the expansion of the mass media and mass / popular culture in the 1960s and 1970s and the blending of social and cultural criticism and literary criticism, the methods of both kinds of critical theory sometimes intertwined in the analysis of phenomena of popular culture, as in the emerging field of cultural studies, in which concepts deriving from Marxian theory, post-structuralism, semiology, psychoanalysis and feminist theory would be found in the same interpretive work.

One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist and anti-consumerist messages around the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s.

In the 1970s, squatting in West German cities led to " a self-confident urban counterculture with its own infrastructure of newspapers, self-managed collectives and housing cooperatives, feminist groups, and so on, which was prepared to intervene in local and broader politics ".

" In conjunction with the growing feminist movement of the early 1970s, roles of butch and femme that developed in lesbian bars in the 1950s and 1960s were rejected, because as one writer put it: " all role playing is sick ".

Many influential feminist utopias of this sort were written in the 1970s ; the most often studied examples include Joanna Russ's The Female Man and Suzy McKee Charnas's Walk to the End of the World and Motherlines.

However, Money's meaning of the word did not become widespread until the 1970s, when feminist theory embraced the distinction between biological sex and the social construct of gender.

The modern academic sense of the word, in the context of social roles of men and women, dates from the work of John Money ( 1955 ), and was popularized and developed by the feminist movement from the 1970s onwards ( see below ).

Within feminist theory, terminology for gender issues developed over the 1970s.

Under a different leadership, however, the Daughters of Bilitis came under attack in the early 1970s for " siding " with Mattachine groups rather than with the new separatist feminist organizations.

Many influential feminist utopias of this sort were written in the 1970s ; the most often studied examples include Joanna Russ's The Female Man, Suzy McKee Charnas's Walk to the End of the World and Motherlines, and Marge Piercy's Woman on the Edge of Time.

Boomers often are associated with the civil rights movement, the feminist cause in the 1970s, gay rights, handicapped rights, and the right to privacy.

In the most general and simple terms, feminist literary criticism before the 1970s — in the first and second waves of feminism — was concerned with the politics of women's authorship and the representation of women's condition within literature.

Fonda has also been involved in the feminist movement since the 1970s, which dovetails with her activism in support of civil rights.

In the late 1970s, science fiction fan and scholar of Canadian literature Susan Wood helped pioneer the study of feminist science fiction, and ( along with immigrant editor Judith Merril ) brought new respectability to the study of Canadian science fiction, paving the way for the rise of such phenomena as the French-Canadian science fiction magazine Solaris.

From the 1970s, these ideas were taken up by popular writers of second-wave feminism and expanded with the speculations of Margaret Murray on witchcraft, by the Goddess movement, and in feminist Wicca, as well as in works by Elizabeth Gould Davis, Riane Eisler, and Merlin Stone.

Relying on arguments from etymology and the use of forensic techniques to uncover what he calls ' iconotropic ' redaction of original myths, Graves argues for the worship of a single goddess under many names, an idea that came to be known as " Matriarchal religion " in feminist theology of the 1970s.

The book reflects the rise of feminist theology in the 1970s to 1980s, along with authors such as Elizabeth Gould Davis, Riane Eisler and Marija Gimbutas.

Barbara T. Smith with Ritual Meal ( 1969 ) was at the forefront of the feminist body -, and performance art of the 1970s ; among others including: Carolee Schneemann, and Joan Jonas.

In the 1960s and 1970s, feminist archaeology emerged as adherents of the second wave feminist movement began to argue that women in the archaeological record had been ignored by archaeologists up until that time.

Frame's writing became the focus of academic criticism from the late 1970s, with approaches ranging from Marxist and social realist, to feminist and poststructuralist.

She was unapologetic about her sexuality, and thus became an icon for both the gay rights and feminist movements when her poems, plays, letters and essays were rediscovered during the 1970s and 1980s.

It was not until the advent of feminist literary criticism within the academy in the 1970s and 1980s that Barbauld finally began to be included in literary history.

In the 1970s, a group of activists and engineers calling themselves the New Alchemists believed the warnings of imminent resource depletion and starvation.

In the 1970s, environmentalists and peace activists politically organised amongst thousands of action groups.

In late 1960s and early 1970s, student and faculty activists protested against the Vietnam War and MIT's defense research .< ref > The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded on March 4, 1969 during a meeting of faculty members and students seeking to shift the emphasis on military research towards environmental and social problems.

The New Left was a range of activists, educators, agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who focused their attention on marginal identities and, eventually, identity politics.

Like the divide that occurred within the black civil rights movement, the late 1960s and the 1970s brought a new generation of activists, many of whom felt that the gay rights movement needed to endorse a larger and more radical agenda to address other forms of oppression, the Vietnam War, and the sexual revolution.

From the 1940s to the 1970s the Sydney Push, an intellectual subculture of authors and activists questioning of authority, including Germaine Greer, was active.

The accident crystallized anti-nuclear safety concerns among activists and the general public, resulted in new regulations for the nuclear industry, and has been cited as a contributor to the decline of new reactor construction that was already underway in the 1970s.

The psychiatric diagnosis post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) was coined in the mid 1970s, in part through the efforts of anti-Vietnam War activists and the anti war group Vietnam Veterans Against the War and Chaim F. Shatan.

During the 1970s and 1980s the town saw an influx of artists, writers, photographers, musicians, alternative practitioners, teachers, green and New Age activists and more recently, wealthier ' yuppie ' types.

In the early 1970s, activists campaigned against the DSM classification of homosexuality as a mental disorder, protesting at APA offices and at annual meetings from 1970 to 1973.

Though the violence of the 1970s and 1980s has subsided, some activists still daub graffiti on place-name signs.

During the 1970s, Welsh-language activists had campaigned for a TV service in the language, which already had its own radio station, BBC Radio Cymru.

Left-wing activists of the 1970s still party on May Day.

These activists, Lin Farley, Susan Meyer, and Karen Sauvigne went on to form Working Women's Institute which, along with the Alliance Against Sexual Coercion, founded in 1976 by Freada Klein, Lynn Wehrli, and Elizabeth Cohn-Stuntz, were among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s.

Equating the three self-fashioning identity labels " gay ," " homosexual ," and " homomasculine ," Fritscher also coined " homofemininity " for lesbians to whom he opened Drummer magazine in the late 1970s by publishing writing about the Society of Janus and writing from Samois, a group founded by gay activists Patrick Califia and Gayle Rubin.

In the 1970s, he became a public figure as a trial lawyer, defending several guerilla activists of the left-wing Red Army Faction.

In the late 1970s, Muslim activists engaged in isolated and relatively small-scale assertions of their will: harassing women whom they felt were inappropriately dressed, smashing establishments that served alcoholic beverages, and evicting official imams from their mosques.

That, and its subsequent isolation from the mainland, encouraged Haida and environmental activists in the 1970s to use the term " Galápagos of the North ", a unique biocultural zone with many endemic kinds of plants and animals.

The name Aztlán was first taken up by a group of Chicano independence activists led by Oscar Zeta Acosta during the Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Since the late 1970s and 1980s men's rights activists have asserted, based on academic studies, that the incidence of domestic violence and murders committed by women is under-reported, partly due to men's reluctance to admit being victims.

Florica was nationalized in 1948, and was later partly devastated by Romanian Communist Party activists ( for a while during the 1970s, it served as the residence of Communist politician Ion Dincă ).

* The number on a button commonly worn by feminist activists in the 1970s ; this was based on the claim that a woman earned 59 cents to an equally qualified man's dollar

While the SWP and DSP recruited many activists from the radical student movement of the 1970s and from various social movements since, it failed to retain most of them for long as the sixties and seventies radicalisation wave has receded.

Repeated arrests and imprisonment of persons opposing the regime, such as members of Charter 77 and religious activists, continued throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s.

The Movement for a New Society ( MNS ) was a U. S .- based network of social activists, committed to the principles of nonviolence, who played a key role in social movements of the 1970s and 80s.