The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

Around the 5th century, Indian clerks were already finding new ways of recording the contents of the Abacus.

Japanese is first attested in a few short inscriptions from the 5th century AD, such as the Inariyama Sword.

In this way, the South Arabian alphabet evolved into the Ge ' ez alphabet between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD.

In the West, the references to atoms emerged in the 5th century BCE with Leucippus, whose student, Democritus, systematized his views.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

Redrawn from A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, Franz Rosenthal ; forms are as used in Egypt, 5th century BCE.

This innovation was not introduced without a struggle, ecclesiastical dignity being regarded as inconsistent with the higher spiritual life, but, before the close of the 5th century, at least in the East, abbots seem almost universally to have become deacons, if not priests.

Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

: Leucippus ( first half of 5th century BC )

: Hippias ( middle of the 5th century BC )

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

In contrast, in the Arian German kingdoms established on the wreckage of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, there were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers.

The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the 5th century either in Alemannia or among the Lombards ; before that the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples.

Some scholars have speculated that members of the Alemannic elite such as king Gibuld due to Visigothic influence may have been converted to Arianism even in the later 5th century.

The Italian scholar Maggiani recently showed that on an Etruscan tomb dedicated to Racvi Satlnei in Bologna ( 5th century BC ) there is a writing that says: " aivastelmunsl

Herm of Hermes, Roman copy of a late 5th century BC original, the forefront inscription states the herm was made by Alcamenes and placed infront of the gates of Pergamon, Istanbul Archaeology Museums | Istanbul Museums.

Alcamenes () was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC.

5th century BC sarcophagus found in Amathus integrates Greek, Cypriot, and Oriental features

Fish, polychromic terracotta, 5th century BCE, found in Amathus

The Dharmaśāstra law books written around the 5th or 4th century BCE contain regulations for meat eating and lists of edible animals.

When Mahavira revived and reorganized the Jain movement in the 6th or 5th century BCE, ahimsa was already an established, strictly observed rule.

The book has a long and complex history, but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction ( i. e., editing ) of a Yahwistic original text some time in the early Persian period ( 5th century BCE ).

According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the " world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of intrinsic goods taken as constitutive of human welfare.

Buddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE.

A similar belief was attributed by some ancient sources to Diogenes Apolloniates ( late 5th century BCE ), who also linked air with intelligence and soul ( psyche ), but other sources claim that his arche was a substance between air and fire.

A 2nd century CE Greek known as Heraclitus the paradoxographer --- not to be confused with the 5th century BCE Greek philosopher Heraclitus --- claimed Euhemeristically that Cerberus had two pups which were never away from their father, as such Cerberus was in fact a normal ( however very large ) dog but artists incorporating the two pups into their work made it appear as if his two children were in fact extra heads.

The Roman writer Vitruvius credited the invention of the Corinthian order to Callimachus, a Greek sculptor of the 5th century BCE.

The Zuo Zhuan, attributed to Zuo Qiuming in the 5th century BC, is the earliest Chinese work of narrative history and covers the period from 722 BCE to 468 BCE.

Traditionally ascribed to Moses himself, modern scholarship sees the book as initially a product of the Babylonian exile ( 6th century BCE ), with final revisions in the Persian post-exilic period ( 5th century ).

According to current thinking, a first draft ( the Yahwist ) was probably written in the 6th century BCE during the Babylonian exile ; this was supplemented and completed as a post-Exilic final edition ( the Priestly source ) at the very end of the 6th century or during the 5th century, and further adjustments and minor revisions continued down to the end of the 4th century.

From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher Anaxagoras in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to " air ( vapors ) in the cavities of the Earth.

Mohism was a philosophical school of thought founded by Mozi in the 5th century BCE.

The early physicist Leucippus ( first half of 5th century BCE ) adamantly opposed the idea of direct divine intervention in the universe, instead proposing that natural phenomena had a natural cause.

During the classical period in Greece ( 6th, 5th and 4th centuries BCE ) and in Hellenistic times, natural philosophy slowly developed into an exciting and contentious field of study.

Massalia ( modern Marseille ) silver coin with Greek legend, a testimony to Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul, 5th – 1st century BCE.

The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Yehud as a Dividic client-kingdom under descendants of Jehoiachin, but by the mid – 5th century BCE Yehud had become in practice a theocracy, ruled by hereditary High Priests and a Persian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that tribute was paid.

According to the biblical history Ezra and Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem in the middle of the 5th century BCE, the first empowered by the Persian king to enforce the Torah, the second with the status of governor and a royal mission to restore the walls of the city.

At the beginning of the 5th century it seems to have been an entrepôt of the Pontic grain trade, which, at a later date, became an Athenian monopoly.

They were first divided into separate books by the early Christian scholar Origen, in the 3rd century AD, and the separation became entrenched in the 5th century AD when it was followed by Jerome in his Latin translation of the Bible.

However, George Spencer, the 5th Duke of Marlborough, obtained a Royal Licence to assume and bear the additional surname and arms of his famous ancestor, the 1st Duke of Marlborough, and thus became George Spencer-Churchill.

The Diatessaron became a standard text of the gospels in some Syriac-speaking churches down to the 5th century, when it gave way to the four separate Gospels, in the Peshitta version.

When war broke out in 1939, Mountbatten became commander of the 5th Destroyer Flotilla aboard his ship Kelly, which was famous for its many daring exploits.

English Captain John Strong, commander of the Welfare, sailed between the two principal islands in 1690 and called the passage " Falkland Channel " ( now Falkland Sound ), after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland ( 1659 – 1694 ), who as Commissioner of the Admiralty had financed the expedition and later became First Lord of the Admiralty.

According to Arendt, the concept of freedom became associated with the Christian notion of freedom of the will, or inner freedom, around the 5th century C. E.

Two regiments became embroiled in a minefield but the third was able to join Indian 5th Infantry 5th Brigade as it renewed its attack.

During the 6th – 5th millennium BC, various animals were domesticated, dwellings became more sophisticated and could shelter larger families.

The Council of North African bishops, which included Augustine of Hippo, held at Carthage in 418 did not explicitly endorse all aspects of Augustine's stern view about the destiny of infants who die without baptism, but the Latin Fathers of the 5th and 6th centuries did adopt his position, and it became a point of reference for Latin theologians in the Middle Ages.

In the 5th century, the Quraysh took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders.

On December 6, 2009, Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade.

On June 21, with a single in the 5th inning against the Colorado Rockies, Clemens became the oldest New York Yankee to record a hit ( 44 years, 321 days ).

By the 5th century the Angles, after whom East Anglia and England itself are named, had established control of the region and later became the " north folk " and the " south folk ", hence, " Norfolk " and " Suffolk ".

Suffolk, and several adjacent areas, became the kingdom of East Anglia, which was settled by the Angles in the 5th century AD, later merging with Mercia and then Wessex.

( Smith became just the 5th player to score a touchdown in three different Super Bowls, joining Lynn Swann, Franco Harris, Thurman Thomas and Jerry Rice ; he also became the first player to rush for two touchdowns in two different Super Bowls ).

From the 5th century, the capital, Palembang, became a major seaport and functioned as an entrepot on the Spice Route between India and China.

The Romans were victorious and occupied the region until their departure in the 5th century, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd.

Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia.

Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo, and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by Gwanggaeto Taewang in the 5th century.

In the 5th century, it became the seat of a bishopric ( though the names of early bishops are purely legendary ) and later a capital of Merovingian Neustria.