Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The most important text for the study of early Korean is the Hyangga, a collection of 25 poems, of which some go back to the Three Kingdoms period ( 57 – 668 AD ), but are preserved in an orthography that only goes back to the 9th century AD ( Miller 1996: 60 ).

From the 9th century BC, Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as Lydia, Caria and Lycia, all of which had Hellenic influence.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

In the 9th century BC, the Greeks adapted the Phoenician script for use in their own language.

Walafrid Strabo, a monk of the Abbey of St. Gall writing in the 9th century, remarked, in discussing the people of Switzerland and the surrounding regions, that only foreigners called them the Alemanni, but that they gave themselves the name of Suevi.

The first universally accepted inscription containing the use of the 0 glyph is first recorded in the 9th century, in an inscription at Gwalior in Central India dated to 870.

It is probable that the island was not doricized before the 9th century BC.

The island flourished in the early 9th century, as evidenced by church construction activity, but suffered greatly from Arab raids originating from Crete.

* Saint Athanasia of Aegina ( 9th century ), abbess and saint

From the 8th century to the 9th century, many inhabitants of what is present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and areas of northern India were converted to Sunni Islam.

During the end of the 9th century, the Samanids extended its rule from Bukhara to as far south as the Indus River and west into most of Persia.

During the end of the 9th century, the Samanids extended its rule from Bukhara to as far south as the Indus River and west into most of Persia.

Kiernan's reasoning has in part to do with the much-discussed political context of the poem: it has been held by most scholars, until recently, that the poem was composed in the 8th century on the assumption that a poem eliciting sympathy for the Danes could not have been composed by Anglo-Saxons during the Viking Ages of the 9th and 10th centuries, and that the poem celebrates the namesakes of 8th Century Mercian Kings.

A suggestion made by John Mitchell Kemble ( 1849 ) and defended by Jäching ( 1976 ) puts a terminus post quem of the early 9th century on the Finnesburg episode at least.

His works were so influential that late in the 9th century Notker the Stammerer, a monk of the Monastery of St. Gall in Switzerland, wrote that " God, the orderer of natures, who raised the Sun from the East on the fourth day of Creation, in the sixth day of the world has made Bede rise from the West as a new Sun to illuminate the whole Earth ".

In the Prose Edda Snorri Sturluson quotes many stanzas attributed to Bragi Boddason the old ( Bragi Boddason inn gamli ), a court poet who served several Swedish kings, Ragnar Lodbrok, Östen Beli and Björn at Hauge who reigned in the first half of the 9th century.

As well as being arch chancellors of the Holy Roman Empire after the 9th century, bishops generally served as chancellors to medieval monarchs, acting as head of the justiciary and chief chaplain.

There are no bishops mentioned during the whole 8th century and part of the 9th in Bordeaux.

Bretwalda ( also brytenwalda and bretenanwealda ) is an Old English word, the first record of which comes from the late 9th century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The first recorded use of the term Bretwalda comes from a West Saxon chronicle of the late 9th century that applied the term to Ecgberht, who ruled from 802 to 839.

* Old Bulgarian ( 9th to 11th century, also referred to as Old Church Slavonic ) – a literary norm of the early southern dialect of the Common Slavic language from which Bulgarian evolved.

Bethlehem then passed through the control of the Islamic caliphates of the Umayyads in the 8th century, then the Abbasids in the 9th century.

The oldest surviving world maps are the Babylonian world maps from the 9th century BCE.

The Satapatha Brahmana ( 9th century BCE ) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras.

The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 9th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE.

Israel had clearly emerged by the middle of the 9th century BCE, when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III names " Ahab the Israelite " among his enemies at the battle of Qarqar ( 853 ).

Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BCE, but the subject is one of considerable controversy and there is no definite answer.

Surface surveys indicate that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE the southern highlands had been divided between a number of centres, none with clear primacy ,.

The late Vedic period ( 9th to 6th centuries BCE ) marks the beginning of the Upanisadic or Vedantic period.

Jainism was established by a lineage of 24 enlightened beings culminating with Parsva ( 9th century BCE ) and Mahavira ( 6th century BCE ).

Jain doctrine teaches that Jainism has always existed and will always exist, although historians date the foundation of the organized or present form of Jainism to sometime between the 9th and the 6th century BCE.

The site remained uninhabited until the city was refounded in the 9th century BCE.

The oldest preserved parts of the text are not thought to be appreciably older than around 400 BCE, though the origins of the story probably fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE.

Agriculture was first adopted around the 9th millennium BCE.

By the 9th century BCE the Assyrians made a habit of regularly deporting thousands of restless subjects to other lands.

In the Zana Valley of the Andes Mountains in Peru, archaeologists found remains of three irrigation canals radiocarbon dated from the 4th millennium BCE, the 3rd millennium BCE and the 9th century CE.

By the 10th century BCE a rudimentary state had emerged in the north-central highlands, and in the 9th century this became a kingdom.

" Settlement in the southern highlands was minimal from the 12th through the 10th centuries BCE, but a state began to emerge there in the 9th century, and from 850 BCE onwards a series of inscriptions are evidence of a kingdom which its neighbours refer to as the " House of David.

The oldest extant manuscripts of the Masoretic Text date from approximately the 9th century CE, and the Aleppo Codex ( once the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic Text, but now missing its Torah section ) dates from the 10th century. The Nash Papyrus ( 2nd century BCE ) contains a portion of a pre-Masoretic Text, specifically the Ten Commandments and the Shema Yisrael prayer.

The earliest Canaanite cut-rock cave tombs date from 3100 – 2900 BCE, but the custom had lapsed a millennium before the earliest Israelite tombs, which date to the 9th century BCE in Jerusalem.

These were cut between the 9th and 7th centuries BCE.