Aztec warriors as shown in the Florentine Codex.

Aztec warriors as shown in the Aztec codices # Florentine Codex | Florentine Codex.

The Florentine Codex, made by Bernardino de Sahagún and his native informants of Tenochtitlan-subjugated Tlatelolco, generally portrays Tlatelolco and Tlatelolcan rulers in a favorable light relative to the Tenocha, and Moctezuma in particular is depicted unfavorably as a weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent ruler ( Restall 2003 ).

Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex written down some 50 years after the conquest.

Bernardino de Sahagún, who compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest.

Aztecs dying of smallpox, Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 – 1585 )

The Spanish conquistadors disposing of Moctezuma's body, Florentine Codex, 16th century.

Drawing of Vanilla from the Florentine Codex ( circa 1580 ) and description of its use and properties written in the Nahuatl language

Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th-century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 – 1585 ), showing Nahua people | Nahua of conquest-era central Mexico suffering from smallpox.

Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City ; from indigenous bark paper codices ; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo ; And especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.

Aztec women are handed flowers and smoking tubes before eating at a banquet, Florentine Codex, 16th century.

This belief was based on colonial period texts, such as the Florentine Codex, which attributed the site to the Toltecs.

Chalchiutlicue is depicted in several central Mexican manuscripts, including the Pre-Columbian Codex Borgia ( plates 11 and 650 ), the 16th century Codex Borbonicus ( page 5 ), Codex Ríos ( page 17 ), and the Florentine Codex, ( plate 11 ).

Retrieved September 1, 2012, from link According to the Florentine Codex, Centeotl is the son of the earth goddess, Tlazolteotl and solar deity Piltzintecuhtli, the planet Mercury.

* Sahagún, Bernardino de, 1950-1982, Florentine Codex: History of the Things of New Spain, translated and edited by Arthur J. O.

In particular, the Florentine Codex identifies Huehueteotl as an alternative epithet for Xiutecuhtli, and consequently that deity is sometimes referred to as Xiutecuhtli-Huehueteotl.

Xiuhtecuhtli is a manifestation of Ometecuhtli, the Lord of Duality, and according to the Florentine Codex Xiuhtecuhtli was considered to be mother and father of the Gods, who dwelled in the turquoise enclosure in the center of earth.

Painal as depicted in the Florentine Codex.

The coronation portrait of the Grand Duke Gian Gaston de ' Medici shows the same Florentine grand ducal crown closed with the pearl set arches associated with sovereignty.

Instead, at the invitation of some Florentine humanists he set up a temporary school to lecture on the difference between Plato and Aristotle.

He particularly decried Florentine lenience-in Verona, he told his hearers, a man was quartered and his limbs hung from the city gates ; in Genoa, men were regularly burned ; and in Venice a sodomite had been tied to a column along with a barrel of pitch and brushwood and set to fire.

Her sixth film appearance was at the request of Nils Granlund, and the film Rhythm Parade was set at the Florentine Gardens nightclub in Hollywood.

The villa grounds have an extensive set of 7 gardens designed in different styles: French Traditional, Florentine, Spanish, Exotic, Lapidary, Japanese, Provençal.

It was up to Pietro Bembo, a Venitian, to identify Florentine as the language for all of Italy in the Prose della volgar lingua, where he set Petrarch up as the perfect model.

It also features the competing designs on Isaac's Sacrifice ( Sacrificio di Isacco ) that were performed by Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi to win the contest for the second set of doors of the Florentine Baptistry ( 1401 ).

The sacred scene is set in the garden of a Florentine palace, with a landscape on the background which is already peculiarly Leonardesque, for the magic and unreal atmosphere created by mountains, water and sky.

The causes of the war are rooted in interrelated issues: Florentine opposition to the expansion of the Papal States in central Italy ( which the Avignon Popes had set as a condition for their return ) and antipathy toward the Parte Guelfa in Florence.

He observed the Florentine vase in the hall, the Renoir painting in the library, as well as the long shelves of well-bound volumes ; ;

* Bernardino de Sahagún, translated by Arthur J. O. Anderson and Charles E. Dibble ; The Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 12 volumes ; University of Utah Press ( January 7, 2002 ), hardcover,

In all the talk of feudal rights, the knights and bishops must never forget the woolworkers, nor was it easy to do so, for all along the road to Italy they passed the Florentine pack trains going home with their loads of raw wool from England and rough Flemish cloth, the former to be spun and woven by the Arte Della Lana and the latter to be refined and dyed by the Arte Della Calimala with the pigment recently discovered in Asia Minor by one of their members, Bernardo Rucellai, the secret of which they jealously kept for themselves.

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The Italian language adopted by the state after the unification of Italy is based on the Tuscan, which beforehand was a language spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society.

A fourth faction claimed the best Italian was the one that the papal court adopted, which was a mix of Florentine and the dialect of Rome.

Gibson mandolins evolved into two basic styles: the Florentine or F-style, which has a decorative scroll near the neck, two points on the lower body, and usually a scroll carved into the headstock ; and the A-style, which is pear shaped, has no points, and usually has a simpler headstock.

The fortress incorporates some of the pre-existing southern walls, the pre-existing structures including the keep of Santo Martini, the San Giovanni tower and an ancient basilica which now serves as the fortress chapel. Though the town itself was eventually conquered, the fortress itself was never taken, an admirable feat, considering the size of the Sienese and Florentine forces that besieged Montalcino at varying intervals.

In the following months he carved a wooden crucifix ( 1493 ), as a gift to the prior of the Florentine church of Santo Spirito, which had permitted him some studies of anatomy on the corpses of the church's hospital.

* Saint Philip Benizi, a noble Florentine, a religious of the order of the Servants of Mary, of which he was the reviver, and not, as has been stated by some, the founder.

In Aztec mythic cosmography, Tlaloc ruled the fourth layer of the ' Upper World ", or heavens, which is called Tlalocan (" place of Tlaloc ") in several Aztec codices, such as the Vaticanus A and Florentine codices.

* The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise On Painting, in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane.

This astounding guarantee may have been an allusion to the traditional patriotic myth of Florence as the new Rome which Savonarola would have encountered in his readings in Florentine history.

Bruni's most notable work is History of the Florentine People, which has been called the first modern history book.

However, little detail is known with certainty about his private life, and no mention of his sexuality has been found in the Florentine archives ( in terms of denunciations ) albeit which during this period are incomplete.

The sculptor Juan Martínez Montañés modeled a statue of one of Velázquez's equestrian portraits of the king, painted in 1636, which was cast in bronze by the Florentine sculptor Pietro Tacca and which now stands in the Plaza de Oriente at Madrid.

His biographer, Antonio Manetti, described this famous experiment in which Brunelleschi painted two panels: the first of the Florentine Baptistery as viewed frontally from the western portal of the unfinished cathedral, and second the Palazzo Vecchio as seen obliquely from its northwest corner.

Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to winnowing out the " impurities " of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian ; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612.

It was adapted and modified throughout the Middle Ages, including an influential Latin prose version Historia Caroli Magni ( also known as the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle ), which also includes Roland's battle with a Saracen giant named Ferracutus who is only vulnerable at his navel ( the story was later adapted in the anonymous Franco-Venetian epic L ' Entrée d ' Espagne ( c. 1320 ) and in the 14th century Italian epic La Spagna ( attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350 – 1360 ).

Together with Titian, who was slightly younger, he is the founder of the distinctive Venetian school of Italian Renaissance painting, which achieves much of its effect through colour and mood, and is traditionally contrasted with the reliance on a more linear disegno of Florentine painting.

In 1497 the finished series, which contained many portraits of leading Florentine citizens, was valued at a thousand gold florins by a committee consisting of Cosimo Rosselli, Benozzo Gozzoli, Perugino and Filippino Lippi ; only some defaced fragments of it now remain.