this is in accordance with Nyaya fallibilism: not all knowledge-claims can be

In other words, Nyaya says that the polytheist would have to give elaborate proofs for the existence and origin of his several celestial spirits, none of which would be logical, and that it is more logical to assume one eternal, omniscient god.

The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools of Hindu philosophy state that Akasha or ether is the fifth physical substance, which is the substratum of the quality of sound.

The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Aksapada Gautama from around the 2nd century BCE.

The most important contribution made by the Nyaya school to modern Hindu thought is its methodology to prove existence of God, based on the Vedas.

However, Nyaya differs from Aristotelian logic in that it is more than logic in its own right.

Nyaya is thus a form of epistemology in addition to logic.

In this sense, Nyaya is probably the closest Indian equivalent to contemporary analytic philosophy.

Perception is defined by Akṣapāda Gautama in his Nyaya Sutra ( I, i. 4 ) as a ' non-erroneous cognition which is produced by the intercourse of sense-organs with the objects, which is not associated with a name and well-defined '.

Anumāna ( inference ) is one of the most important contributions of the Nyaya.

The Nyaya theory of error is similar to that of Kumarila's Viparita-khyati ( see Mimamsa ).

* Samkhyāviśeşāt ( lit., from the specialty of numbers ): According to the Nyaya, the magnitude of a dyad is produced by the number of two atoms.

But the Nyaya school also maintains that the God's grace is essential for obtaining true knowledge.

Sri Jayatirtha wrote an extant subcommentary to Madhvacharya's Anuvyakhyana called Nyaya Sudha ( Nectar of Logic ) which is considered as magnum opus in Madhvacharya's school.

The Nyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma ; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery.

This belief of Nyaya, accordingly, is the same as that of Vedanta.

The Nyaya school, one of six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, states that one of the proofs of the existence of God is karma ; It is seen that some people in this world are happy, some are in misery.

This belief of Nyaya, accordingly, is the same as that of Vedanta.

Before Madhva, nondualism was rejected by others, such as the Mimamsa tradition of Vedic exegesis, and by the Nyaya tradition of classical logic.

Among the six systems of Hindu philosophy, early Samkhya and Mimamsa do not consider the concept of Ishvara, i. e., a supreme being, while later Samkhya, Yoga, Vaisheshika, Vedanta and Nyaya believe in the existence of an Ishvara.

Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, and Vedanta.

The Nyaya – Vaisesika school ( 600 BC-100 BC ) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists.

The Nyaya school of Hinduism has made several arguments regarding a monotheistic view.

See Nyaya for some details of the theory of causation in the Nyaya school.

According to the Nyaya school, there are exactly four sources of knowledge ( pramāṇas ): perception, inference, comparison, and testimony.

The Nyaya Sutras of Aksapada Gautama ( c. 2nd century CE ) constitute the core texts of the Nyaya school, one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy.

Historically, it has been closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.

Unlike the Nyaya or the Vaisheshika systems, the school recognizes five means of valid knowledge ( Skt.

In addition to the four means of valid knowledge accepted by the Nyaya school ( pratyakṣa, anumāna, upamāna and śabda ), the school recognizes presumption ( Skt.

* Nyaya, the school of logic

His son Vardhamana Upadhyaya was also a noted philosopher of the Nyaya school.

It is the only place where the first school of logic ( tarkashastra ) in India was set up on the Navya Nyaya system, which produced great logicians in 15th century. The Holy Birth Place of Lord Caitanya Mahaprabhu is known as " Gour Gangar Desh " as well as " Oxford of Bengal ".

* Jayanta Bhatta, 9th century, Kashmiri poet and philosopher of Nyaya school of Indian philosophy

The development of Indian logic dates back to the anviksiki of Medhatithi Gautama ( c. 6th century BCE ) the Sanskrit grammar rules of Pāṇini ( c. 5th century BCE ); the Vaisheshika school's analysis of atomism ( c. 2nd century BCE ); the analysis of inference by Gotama ( c. 2nd century ), founder of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy ; and the tetralemma of Nagarjuna ( c. 2nd century CE ).

It came to be closely associated with the Hindu school of logic, Nyaya.

According to the Nyaya school, there are exactly four sources of knowledge ( pramanas ): perception, inference, comparison and testimony.

The Nyaya school of philosophical speculation is based on texts known as the Nyaya Sutras, which were written by Gotama in around the 2nd century CE.

He wrote a commentary Sudha Parimala on the Nyaya Sudha, an exposition of Dvaita philosophy.

In Nyaya philosophy, 24 are enumerated as properties or characteristics of all created things, including śábda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, and gandha.

The Nyaya and Vaisheshika schools later developed theories on how atoms combined into more complex objects.

Nyaya theory distinguishes between know p and know that one knows p – these are different events, with different causal conditions.

Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta ( 6th century AD ) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha (" The upsetting of all principles ") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology.

and may go back to earlier Indian views on language, especially the Nyaya view of words as indicators and not carriers of meaning.

As a result, Nyaya scholars again went to great pains to identify, in each case, what it took to make knowledge valid, in the process creating a number of explanatory schemes.

The Nyaya metaphysics recognizes sixteen padarthas or categories and includes all six ( or seven ) categories of the Vaisheshika in the second one of them, called prameya.

Pratyakṣa ( perception ) occupies the foremost position in the Nyaya epistemology.