* Cities of the ancient Near East

From the Medieval Arabic king lists of both African states, allegedly copied from earlier lists in ancient Near Eastern languages it appears that the state founders claimed to be deportees of the Assyrian empire who had fled from Syria and Samaria after the defeat of the Egyptian-Assyrian army at Carchemish in 605 BCE.

While these and other ancient Near Eastern texts consider comparable issues, scholars have not found their direct antecedent.

The destruction of cities by foreign invaders, and its resulting catastrophic suffering, unfortunately, was very common in the ancient Near East and, therefore, we can observe examples of the lament form / genre concerning destroyed cities and temples from extra-biblical sources, particularly from early Sumerian Literature dating to the late third and early second millennia BC.

The collections represent the civilisations of the ancient Near East and its adjacent areas.

Parallels to the earliest Babylonian ( Sumerian ) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently from that of the Ancient Near East.

The Chaldeans, like the rest of Mesopotamia and much of the ancient Near East and Asia Minor, from the 10th to late 7th centuries BC, came to be dominated by the vast Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia.

The University of Chicago Oriental Institute has an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern archaeological artifacts.

The Code of Hammurabi was one of several sets of laws in the ancient Near East.

The most recent study on the ante-Aesopic fables or the fables in ancient Near Eastern languages by Akimoto discovers the rich fable traditions in ancient Mesopotamia and Anatolia ; for example, the Ninurta-uballitsu Assyrian fable collection which is the oldest known fable collection with the compiler's autograph and the completion date 883 BCE, the Hurrian-Hittite bilingual fable collections are embedded in a long myth and the storyteller tells after each fable his / her own moral.

Most ancient cultures have had conceptions of a flat Earth, including Greece until the classical period, the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period, India until the Gupta period ( early centuries AD ) and China until the 17th century.

In the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts it is revealed the ancient Egyptians believed Nun ( the Ocean ) was a circular body surrounding nbwt ( a term meaning " dry lands " or " Islands ") and therefore believed in a similar Ancient Near Eastern circular earth cosmography surrounded by water.

* Koine Greek: The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with Attic, the dialect of Athens, resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a lingua franca across Eastern Mediterranean and Near East.

Increasingly, the Iron Age in Europe is being seen as a part of the Bronze Age collapse in the ancient Near East, in ancient India ( with the post-Rigvedic Vedic civilization ), ancient Iran, and ancient Greece ( with the Greek Dark Ages ).

Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods, the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary ; consequently, the Hebrew God's principal relationships are not with other gods, but with the world, and more specifically, with the people He created.

Neusner has aimed to make Rabbinic literature useful to specialists in a variety of fields within the academic study of religion, as well as in ancient history, culture and Near and Middle Eastern Studies.

Until today, historiographical debates oppose the followers of a foundation of Kanem-Bornu by populations from the ancient Near East and followers of a more local development.

When discussing ancient history, however, the term Near East is more commonly used.

In the ancient Near East, each city had a local patron deity, such as Shamash at Larsa or Sin at Ur.

This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East, ancient Iran, ancient Egypt, ancient Nubia, and Anatolia ( Turkey ), Ancient Nok, Carthage, the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China, ancient and medieval India, ancient and medieval Japan, amongst others.

Developments in the systematic study of ancient civilizations through the disciplines of Classics and Egyptology informed both archaeology and eventually social anthropology, as did the study of East and South Asian languages and cultures.

The Baltic Sea, in ancient sources known as Mare Suebicum ( also known as Mare Germanicum ), is also known by the equivalents of " East Sea ", " West Sea ", or " Baltic Sea " in different languages:

Although traditionally focused on ancient Greece and Rome, the study now encompasses the entire ancient Mediterranean world, thus expanding their studies to Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East.

Most other anthropologists, however, oppose Wrangham, stating that archeological evidence suggests that cooking fires began in earnest only c. 250, 000 years ago, when ancient hearths, earth ovens, burnt animal bones, and flint appear across Europe and the Middle East.

However, the Council is not accepted by several of the ancient eastern churches, including the Oriental Orthodox of Egypt, Syria and Armenia, and the Assyrian Church of the East.

The oldest known dolmen are in Western Europe, where they were set in place around 7000 years ago, at the same time as the ancient civilisations of Egypt, India, and the Middle East.

In the East, Confucius ( 551-479 ), of the State of Lu, was China's most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbours like Korea, Japan and Vietnam.

There are several covenants in the bible, and in each case they exhibit at least some of the elements found in real-life treaties of the ancient Middle East: a preamble, historical prologue, stipulations, deposition and reading, list of witnesses, blessings and curses, and ratification by animal sacrifice.

Claiming the ancient primacy of Peter and the title of " Apostolic See ", it remained the last court of episcopal appeal in serious matters for the whole Church, East and West.

Abbot was son or grandson ( it is not clear which ) of Sir Thomas Abbot of Easington, East Yorkshire and his mother ( or grandmother ) was of the ancient house of Pickering.

Many ancient civilizations were influenced by the Silk Road, which connected China, India, the Middle East and Europe.

Herāt lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East, Central and South Asia.

Persia's position at the crossroads of the East and the West frequently placed it in the midst of developments in both ancient Greek and Indian medicine.

From the scientific discovery which has been a silent evidence, it has pointed out that the South East Asian civilizations are a of much older civilization compared to the widely researched and well documented east Asians ' ancient civilisations Dong Son culture spread to Indonesia bringing with it techniques of wet-field rice cultivation, ritual buffalo sacrifice, bronze casting, megalithic practises, and ikat weaving methods.

A small minority believe that it is evidence for the existence of ancient Assyrian telescopes, which could explain the great accuracy of Assyrian astronomy.

Other ancient historians and philosophers believing in the existence of Atlantis were Strabo and Posidonius.

The ancient Greek township of that name, whose existence is attested by coins of the 5th and 4th centuries, and the river itself were located in ancient Thrace in the Chersonese.

The subsequent conferences have resulted in a move to more interdisciplinary approaches with researchers aiming to combine the contextuality of archaeological research, which broadly describes the state of archaeoastronomy today, rather than merely establishing the existence of ancient astronomies archaeoastronomers seek to explain why people would have an interest in the night sky.

In other words, it is quite possible that actual existence may be ... an efficient cause of observable effects ...." He then launches into a history of attempts to conceptualize the inconceivable from the ancient Greeks to the present.

The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient Kingdom of Iberia farther east in the Mediterranean and further by some typological similarities between the two languages.

Several of the extinct Baltic languages have a limited or nonexistent written record, their existence being known only from the records of ancient historians and personal or place names.

( That the story assumes the city ’ s existence and deliverance from judgment may indeed reflect an older tradition dating back to the eighth-7th century BC ) Assyria often opposed Israel and eventually took the Israelites captive in 722-721 BC ( see History of ancient Israel and Judah ).

Similarly, the ancient metaphysical and unfalsifiable idea of the existence of atoms has led to corresponding falsifiable modern theories.

Although traditional Judaism had adopted some features of Kabbalah, it adapted them to fit its own system: it added to its own ritualism the asceticism of the " practical kabbalists " just across the eastern borders in the ancient Greek and Anatolian Jewish communities under the Ottoman Empire, who saw the essence of earthly existence only in fasting, in penance, and in spiritual sadness.

* Independent Religion – From the Encyclopædia Britannica Article on Jainism: "... Along with Hinduism and Buddhism, it is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence.

There is in existence an ancient Vita, Life of the saint by a monk named Daniel of Raithu monastery.

Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.

Northern part of Lesser Poland ( Lublin and Sandomierz ) was probably inhabited by another tribe, the Lendians, and dr Antoni Podraza, historian of the Jagiellonian University claims that ancient division of Lesser Poland into two major parts – Land ( Duchy ) of Kraków, and Land ( Duchy ) of Sandomierz, is based on the existence of two Slavic tribes in the area.

Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato ; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.

The ancient Greeks were polytheists ; pluralism in that historical era meant accepting the existence of and validity of other peoples religions.

Sir William Jones ( 28 September 1746 – 27 April 1794 ) was an Anglo-Welsh philologist and scholar of ancient India, particularly known for his proposition of the existence of a relationship among Indo-European languages.

Only after Sigismund von Herberstein in his Notes on Muscovite Affairs ( 1549 ) had reported, following Russian sources, that there are mountains behind the Pechora and identified them with the Ripheans and Hyperboreans of ancient authors, did the existence of the Urals, or at least of its northern part, become firmly established in the Western geography.

The philosophy that “ this world is but a vale of tears ” and that to die and be with God is a better existence than an earthly one was relatively unknown among the ancient Egyptians.

She believed she did not fit well with the general atmosphere of the court, writing of herself: " I am wrapped up in the study of ancient stories ... living all the time in a poetical world of my own scarcely realizing the existence of other people ....

Archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs that point to the possible existence of the Xia dynasty at locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts.

It seems to have received a colony in the time of Augustus, whence we find mention in inscriptions of the Ordo et Populus splendidissimae Coloniae Augustae Himeraeorum Thermitanorum: and there can be very little doubt that the Thermae colonia of Pliny in reality refers to this town, though he evidently understood it to be Thermae Selinuntiae ( modern Sciacca ), as he places it on the south coast between Agrigentum ( modern Agrigento ) and Selinus There are little subsequent account of Thermae ; but, as its name is found in Ptolemy and the Itineraries, it appears to have continued in existence throughout the period of the Roman Empire, and probably never ceased to be inhabited, as the modern town of Termini Imerese retains the ancient site as well as name.

Disputed records from ancient China indicate that the Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Taiwan since the Three Kingdoms period ( 3rd century, 230 AD ), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater Liuqiu and Lesser Liuqiu ( etymologically, but perhaps not semantically, identical to Ryūkyū in Japanese ), though none of these names has been definitively matched to the main island of Taiwan.

The Dwarves are portrayed as a very ancient people who awoke, like the Elves, at the start of the First Age, before the existence of the Sun and Moon.