The body, senses and brain, in common with all matter, have their counterpart on each of a countless number of frequencies.

If the photographically realistic continuity of dreams, however bizarre their combinations, denies that it is purely a composition of the brain, it must be compounded from views of diverse realities, although some of them may never be encountered in what we are pleased to call the real life.

A ship run by a human brain could not run rogue or insane with the power and resources Central had to build into their scout ships.

Shell people resembled mature dwarfs in size whatever their natal deformities were, but the well-oriented brain would not have changed places with the most perfect body in the Universe.

In their research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in October, 2006, they showed that both pure monetary rewards and charitable donations activated the mesolimbic reward pathway, a primitive part of the brain that usually lights up in response to food and sex.

However, when volunteers generously placed the interests of others before their own by making charitable donations, another brain circuit was selectively activated: the subgenual cortex / septal region.

They then analysed the responses to generate an estimate of a person's tendency to act altruistically and compared each person's level of altruism against their fMRI brain scan.

These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.

Other research into the human brain suggests that the left and right hemispheres differ in their handling of abstraction.

Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence.

It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain, or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure.

* Fruit flies ( Drosophila ), because of the large array of techniques available for studying their genetics, have been a natural subject for studying the role of genes in brain development.

Here is a list of some of the most important vertebrate brain components, along with a brief description of their functions as currently understood:

The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection: they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors, and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition, so that the action-generating systems are able to execute their actions.

Some of the driving research questions in studying how the brain itself processes language include: ( 1 ) To what extent is linguistic knowledge innate or learned ?, ( 2 ) Why is it more difficult for adults to acquire a second-language than it is for infants to acquire their first-language ?, and ( 3 ) How are humans able to understand novel sentences?

In attempt to wake comatose patients, some hospitals treat their patients by either reversing the cause of comatose ( i. e. glucose shock if low sugar ), giving medication to stop brain swelling, or inducing hypothermia.

His species, Carbosilicate Amorphs, evolved from self-repairing distributed data storage devices, and as such, redundantly distribute their ' brain ' throughout their body.

This argument is the direct predecessor of modern ideas of a brain in a vat and many popular conceptions of cyberspace take Descartes's ideas as their starting point.

The currently accepted theory states that the brain cells adjust their osmolarities by changing levels of certain osmolytes like inositol, betaine, and glutamine.

The band, who all wore white shirts with a big, black S painted on the front, pulled black ties from around the backs of their necks to form a dollar sign, then started playing a new song titled " Pull My Strings ", a barbed, satirical attack on the ethics of the mainstream music industry, which contained the lyrics, " Is my cock big enough, is my brain small enough, for you to make me a star ?".

Carol died in 1993 from the sudden onset of a brain tumor – glioblastoma multiforme – when their children were five and two.

Valderrama was known for the accuracy of his passing, his tactical brain which allowed him to have a strong presence without the necessity of running as much as it would be expected, his exquisite technique on the ball, and his ability to provide assists that were very immaculate.

By the end of the story, there is little physical difference between the body of the hero, now called Andrew, and humans equipped with advanced prosthetics, save for the presence of Andrew's artificial positronic brain.

Xavier can perceive the distinct mental presence / brain waves of other superhuman mutants within a small radius of himself.

Recent postmortem studies have demonstrated the presence of degenerative changes in the ET brain, with these changes including Purkinje cell axonal swellings and Purkinje cell loss in the majority of cases and brainstem Lewy bodies in the remainder.

The presence of demyelinating white matter lesions on brain MRI at the time of presentation of optic neuritis is the strongest predictor for developing clinically definite MS.

Blood is seen layering into the brain along sulci and fissures, or filling cisterns ( most often the suprasellar cistern because of the presence of the vessels of the circle of Willis and their branchpoints within that space ).

The correlation between damage to certain specific brain areas ( usually in the left hemisphere ) and the development of specific types of aphasia makes it possible to deduce ( albeit very roughly ) the location of a suspected brain lesion based only on the presence ( and severity ) of a certain type of aphasia, though this is complicated by the possibility that a patient may have damage to a number of brain areas and may exhibit symptoms of more than one type of aphasia.

Evidence for viruses as a cause includes the presence of oligoclonal bands in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of most people with MS, the association of several viruses with human demyelination encephalomyelitis, and induction of demyelination in animals through viral infection.

These novels take place in a future dictated by Asimov to be free of obvious robot presence and surmise that R. Daneel's secret influence on history through the millennia has prevented both the rediscovery of positronic brain technology and the opportunity to work on sophisticated intelligent machines.

Mummification techniques, such as the use of embalming fluid and the presence of an intact brain, suggested an eighteenth-dynasty royal mummy.

The second hypothesis suggests that microfilaria may try to escape drug treatment by migrating to brain capillaries and further into brain tissue ; this is supported by pathology reports demonstrating a microfilarial presence in brain tissue post-Ivermectin treatment.

Despite these difficulties, fMRI has been used clinically to map functional areas, check left-right hemispherical asymmetry in language and memory regions, check the neural correlates of a seizure, study how the brain recovers partially from a stroke, test how well a drug or behavioral therapy works, detect the onset of Alzheimer's, and note the presence of disorders like depression.

It is characterized anatomically by the presence of Lewy bodies, clumps of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin protein in neurons, detectable in post-mortem brain histology.

Before birth, complex ultrasounds performed routinely during pregnancy may indicate the presence of cerebral abnormality, but this method of diagnosis should be complemented by other methods, such as genetic studies and NMR, and the examination is not recommended as part of routine ultrasound examinations, unless family medical history or other reasons for suspecting brain malformation are present.

Conversely, a greater presence in the brain of opioid neurotransmitters such as endorphins reduces the frequency of yawning.

In addition, scientists use a technique called immunohistochemistry to test brain tissue for the presence of the abnormal prion protein to diagnose CWD.

Activations in response to sensory stimuli with positron emission tomography ( PET ), functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ), and electrophysiological methods can provide information on the presence, degree, and location of any residual brain function.

This outbreak was diagnosed retrospectively by the presence of Hendra virus in the brain of the patient.

* Increased levels of lactate can occur the presence of cancer of the CNS, multiple sclerosis, heritable mitochondrial disease, low blood pressure, low serum phosphorus, respiratory alkalosis, idiopathic seizures, traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, brain abscess, hydrocephalus, hypocapnia or bacterial meningitis.

The exact mechanism of action of paracetamol / acetaminophen is uncertain, but it appears to be acting centrally rather than peripherally ( in the brain rather than in nerve endings ).

In its earliest form, the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain ( the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon, respectively ).

As such, it appears neurobiologically plausible that the brain implements decision-making procedures that are close to optimal for Bayesian inference.

For example, the sentence " The coat is red " has no observer, the sentence " We see the coat as red " ( where " we " indicates observers ) appears more specific in context as regards light waves and colour as determined by modern science, that is, colour results from a reaction in the human brain.

White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries.

A third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas is the substantia nigra.

An endocrine gland is attached to the ventral posterior surface of the brain, and appears to be involved in reproductive activity.

Although the substantia nigra appears as a continuous band in brain sections, anatomical studies have found that it actually consists of two parts with very different connections and functions, the pars compacta and pars reticulata.

This gene produces prion protein, which is active in the brain and other tissues and also appears to be involved in transporting copper.

The brain, however, appears to accumulate ischemic injury faster than any other organ.

Thus, it appears that this part of the brain may play a role in the display and modulation of aggression.

* terminology that may have a basis in psychology, but which appears more frequently in the vernacular than in professional discourse — for example, inner child, left brain / right brain, emotional intelligence, Freudian slip, and enneagram ;

The latter flexure mainly appears in mammals and sauropsids ( reptiles and birds ), whereas the other two, and principally the cephalic flexure, appear in all vertebrates ( the sum of the cervical and cephalic ventral flexures is the cause of the 90 degree angle mentioned above in humans between body axis and brain axis ).

Edelman describes reentry as " a form of ongoing higher-order selection ... that appears to be unique to animal brains " and that " there is no other object in the known universe so completely distinguished by reentrant circuitry as the human brain ".

The head is rounded, tipped with two tentacles, and appears to contain a four-ganglion brain ; the body flattens out and broadens in the trunk, which appears to have been fairly muscular.

* Complicated comorbidity: It is the result of the primary disease and often subsequent after sometime after its destabilization appears in the shape of target lesions ( for example chronic nephatony resulting from diabetic nephropathy ( Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease ) in patients with type 2 diabetes ; development of brain infarction resulting from complications due to hypertensive crisis in patients suffering from hypertension ).

The phrase ' positronic brain ' appears in the introductory material of the Blade Runner screenplay, but was not used in the final film.

However, this evidence only appears to correlate with the symptoms of retrograde amnesia as cases have been observed where patients suffering from minor concussions, showing no visible brain damage, develop FRA.

Chalmers appears in the video documentary " The Roots of the Matrix " ( a reference to The Matrix ) and presents a novel take on a large part of the " brain in a vat " hypothesis, maintaining that it is not, contrary to common philosophical opinion, a skeptical hypothesis.

Erastiratus also appears to have paid particular attention to the anatomy of the brain, and in a passage from of his works preserved by Galen he speaks as if he had himself dissected a human brain.