Though Descartes could doubt his senses, his body and the world around him, he could not deny his own existence, because he was able to doubt and must exist in order to do so.

Nevertheless Plato holds that matter is real, though transitory and imperfect, and is perceived by our body and its senses and given existence by the eternal ideas that are perceived directly by our rational soul.

Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the transfer of heat away from the body as feeling cold.

In the 11th century, Avicenna theorized that there were a number of feeling senses including touch, pain and titillation, but prior to the scientific Renaissance in Europe pain was not well-understood, and it was thought that pain originated outside the body, perhaps as a punishment from God .< ref name = Meldrum > Meldrum, Marcia.

He perceives his body through the use of the senses ; however, these have previously been unreliable.

He uses the different elements of the tale to bring to light the relationship between the mind and the body, the senses and reason.

In other words, it actually was his body, while all the appearances open to the senses or to scientific investigation were still those of bread, exactly as before.

# Ṣaḍāyatana six senses ( eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind )-a dwelling with six windows

When worship involves the use of the entire body, and all the senses, the Orthodox believe this becomes very helpful in learning to actively love God with all their " mind, soul, heart and strength " as God commands.

The reins held by the driver represent the lower mind ( manas ), the horses represent the five senses ( indriya ), and the carriage represents the body.

The person retains the illusion of having a body, but that perception is no longer derived from the senses.

In this book, Ratramnus advocated a spiritual view in which the bread and the wine of the Eucharist represent Christ ’ s body and blood figuratively and serve as a remembrance of him, but are not truly ( perceptible by the senses ) Christ ’ s body and blood in truth.

For him, veritas meant “ perceptible to the senses ,” so the Eucharist could not truly be Christ ’ s body and blood, as it – according to the senses – did not change in appearance, but remained bread and wine, nor was it literally Christ ’ s historical incarnate body.

Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in part of the body, generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well.

From the five elements arise the five senses and the five fields of sensual experience ; the five negative emotions and the five wisdoms ; and the five extensions of the body.

The first sense of " assume " in the OED is " to take unto ( oneself ), receive, accept, adopt .” The term was originally employed in religious contexts as in “ to receive up into heaven ,” especially “ the reception of the Virgin Mary into heaven, with body preserved from corruption ,” ( 1297 CE ) but it was also simply used to refer to “ receive into association ” or “ adopt into partnership .” Moreover, other senses of assumere included ( i ) “ investing oneself with ( an attribute ), ” ( ii ) “ to undertake ” ( especially in Law ), ( iii ) “ to take to oneself in appearance only, to pretend to possess ,” and ( iv ) “ to suppose a thing to be ” ( all senses from OED entry on “ assume ”; the OED entry for “ assumption ” is almost perfectly symmetrical in senses ).

The body, however, is also of advantage to the spirit, since the spirit arrives at its knowledge of the world by means of the five senses.

Sensibility has its seat in the body, and lives in the senses, as Philo elaborates in varying allegoric imagery.

Shell people resembled mature dwarfs in size whatever their natal deformities were, but the well-oriented brain would not have changed places with the most perfect body in the Universe.

The nervous system is basically the same as in other vertebrates, with a central brain, a spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body.

The brain sends signals through the spinal cord and nerves to regulate activity in the rest of the body.

An independent microchip inside her artificial brain handles gesture expression, body coordination, and emotion expression.

These individuals usually have no body weakness, because their brain injury is not near the parts of the brain that control movement.

A number of harmful and undesired ( adverse ) effects have been observed, including lowered life expectancy, extrapyramidal effects on motor control – including akathisia ( an inability to sit still ), trembling, and muscle weakness – weight gain, decrease in brain volume ( although this is being debated, since schizophrenia, which is often treated with antipsychotics, also causes a shrinkage of brain volume ), enlarged breasts ( gynecomastia ) in men and milk discharge in men and women ( galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinaemia ), lowered white blood cell count ( agranulocytosis ), involuntary repetitive body movements ( tardive dyskinesia ), diabetes, sexual dysfunction, a return of psychosis requiring increasing the dosage due to cells producing more neurochemicals to compensate for the drugs ( tardive psychosis ), and a potential for permanent chemical dependence leading to psychosis worse than before treatment began, if the drug dosage is ever lowered or stopped ( tardive dysphrenia ).

Alcohol damages almost every organ in the body, including the brain.

Some scientists believe it has to do with a kind of neural map that the brain has of the body, which sends information to the rest of the brain about limbs regardless of their existence.

Although AVMs are often associated with the brain and spinal cord, they can develop in any part of the body.

The brain of a vertebrate is the most complex organ of its body.

These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.

Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body.

The brain acts on the rest of the body either by generating patterns of muscle activity or by driving secretion of chemicals called hormones.

They send these signals by means of an axon, which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects, usually with numerous branches, to other areas, sometimes nearby, sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body.

The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a ganglion ) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain.

The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms ; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body.

The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures.

The relationship between brain size, body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species.

As a rule, brain size increases with body size, but not in a simple linear proportion.

The Lincoln Mills decision authorizes a whole new body of federal `` common law '' which, as Mr. Justice Frankfurter pointed out in dissent, leads to one of the following `` incongruities '': `` ( ( 1 ) conflict in federal and state court interpretations of collective bargaining agreements ; ;

Inside the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development.

The last whorl ( known as the body whorl ) is auriform, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name " ear shell ".

What expands the qualities of further bodily response is a very subtle nod forward to counteract a common backward startle pattern, coupled with an upward movement of the head away from the body that lengthens the spine.

The aorta (; from Greek ἀορτή-aortē, from ἀείρω-aeirō " I lift, raise ") is the largest artery in the body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen, where it bifurcates into two smaller arteries ( the common iliacs ).

* A " Dreadnought ", arguably the most common body style, incorporates a deeper soundbox, but a smaller and less-pronounced upper bout ( the area of the soundbox between the waist and neck ) than most styles, giving a somewhat wedge-shaped appearance – hence its name, relating to a class of warship.

In Theosophy, Steiner suggested that human beings unite a physical body of a nature common to ( and that ultimately returns to ) the inorganic world ; a life body ( also called the etheric body ), in common with all living creatures ( including plants ); a bearer of sentience or consciousness ( also called the astral body ), in common with all animals ; and the ego, which anchors the faculty of self-awareness unique to human beings.

While blind and visually impaired people had contributed to the body of common literature for centuries, one notable example being the author of Paradise Lost, John Milton, the creation of autobiographical materials, or materials specific to blindness, is relatively new.

All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 550 – 600 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body.

* Flap reconstruction The second most common procedure uses tissue from other parts of the patient's body, such as the back, buttocks, thigh or abdomen.

The lymphatic drainage of the breasts is especially relevant to oncology, because breast cancer is a cancer common to the mammary gland, and cancer cells can metastasize ( break away ) from a tumour and be dispersed to other parts of the woman ’ s body by means of the lymphatic system.