" The British journal Saturday Review praised the book as a " fascinating historical study of scientific racism ", and that its arguments " illustrate both the logical inconsistencies of the theories and the prejudicially motivated, albeit unintentional, misuse of data in each case.

Noel Gallagher claimed in 2010 that the plagiarism was unintentional and he was unaware of the similarities until informed of Innes's legal case.

The classical mould for a Columbo case involves a murder ( occasionally unintentional and thus manslaughter ) committed by someone powerful, intelligent and well-connected.

One type of largely unintentional case of continuous obsolescence occurs when the rising demand for graphics-and experience-intensive videogames collides with a long development time for a new title ; while a game may have been acceptable or even revolutionary if released on schedule, a delay exposes it to the risk of being unable to compete with better games released during the delay ( e. g. Daikatana ), or even being continually rewritten to take advantage of better technologies as they become available ( e. g. Duke Nukem Forever ).

In the case that a vendor is notified and a fix is not produced within a reasonable time, disclosure is generally made to the public.

In 1984, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in the case of Dirks v. SEC that tippees ( receivers of second-hand information ) are liable if they had reason to believe that the tipper had breached a fiduciary duty in disclosing confidential information and the tipper received any personal benefit from the disclosure.

** the materials are subject to a subpoena-although many practitioners regard that fact as a category of permissible disclosure, not as a categorical exclusion from confidentiality ( because court-ordered secrecy provisions may apply even in case of a subpoena ).

Accidental disclosure has happened several times, for instance in the notable case of GSM confidential cipher documentation being contributed to the University of Bradford neglecting to impose the usual confidentiality requirements.

Individuals are able to engage in more self disclosure than an average interaction, because a person can share their inner thoughts, feelings and beliefs and be met with less disapproval and fewer sanctions online than is the case in face-to-face encounters.

Repeal followed the public disclosure of the case of an individual who had run into trouble with the House Un-American Activities Committee, then had been convicted of contempt of Congress, and then of all things, had received a National Science Foundation Fellowship.

These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced, what kind of service of process ( if any ) is required, the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications, and orders allowed in civil cases, the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure, the conduct of trials, the process for judgment, various available remedies, and how the courts and clerks must function.

Federal law does not require 501 ( c )( 3 ) non-profit organizations to disclose the identity of their donors, and in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama the U. S. Supreme Court turned back efforts to force such disclosure by nonprofits, although that case involved the publication of member lists, not donor lists.

The Reagan administration, as part of a wider campaign against leaks of information, used the prosecution of Morison as a " test case " for applying the Act to cover the disclosure of information to the press.

Liberal ranks split as Abbot's colleague Bronwyn Bishop joined many Labor MPs in calling for disclosure of his role in the case, and described Hanson as a " political prisoner ".

Established in 1984, the archives contains thousands of copies of government documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act public disclosure process as well as manuscripts, photographs, audiotape interviews, video tapes, news clippings and research notes compiled by journalists and other private citizens who have investigated discrepancies in the case.

# records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or information ( A ) could reasonably be expected to interfere with enforcement proceedings, ( B ) would deprive a person of a right to a fair trial or an impartial adjudication, ( C ) could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, ( D ) could reasonably be expected to disclose the identity of a confidential source, including a State, local, or foreign agency or authority or any private institution which furnished information on a confidential basis, and, in the case of a record or information compiled by a criminal law enforcement authority in the course of a criminal investigation or by an agency conducting a lawful national security intelligence investigation, information furnished by a confidential source, ( E ) would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law, or ( F ) could reasonably be expected to endanger the life or physical safety of any individual ;

" The case demonstrates the need for Congress to mandate the complete disclosure of all clinical studies for FDA-approved drugs so that patients and their doctors, not the drug companies, decide whether the benefits of taking a certain medicine outweigh the risks ," Rep. Hinchey said.

In Riley v. City of Chester, the Court held that a reporter's right to protect his sources from disclosure could be overcome by a party who, by a preponderance of the evidence, demonstrated that he has made an effort to obtain the information elsewhere, that the only access to the information sought is through the journalist and his or her source, and that the information sought is crucial to the case.

The disclosure of the Riggs accounts reignited the case against General Pinochet, and a ruling that he was not mentally competent to stand trial was overturned when it was proven that the general himself had orchestrated some of the huge transactions.

This will be the case, unless the fiduciary can show there was full disclosure of the conflict of interest or profit and that the principal fully accepted and freely consented to the fiduciary's course of action.

However, Mr Justice Eady, the presiding judge in the case, said he decided not to refer the matter to the Attorney General with regard to possible perjury charges, as disclosure in the judgement of Lord Browne's behaviour was " probably sufficient punishment ", adding Browne's " willingness to tell a deliberate lie to the court, persisted in for about two weeks, ... is relevant in assessing his own credibility ...

Similarly, it strengthens the case for access in cases where, under existing statutory exemptions, records can be withheld when the public's interest in non-disclosure clearly outweighs the public's interest in disclosure.

The Crown Attorney's failure to provide full disclosure ( contradictory and coerced statements by witnesses, because they believed the evidence not provided had no bearing in the case ) brought about changes in the Canadian rules of evidence regarding disclosure.

They may offer each non-resident account holder the choice of taxation arrangements: either ( a ) disclosure of information as above, or ( b ) deduction of local tax on savings interest at source as is the case for residents ).

On March 1, 2005 the criminal case against Melnychenko for " the disclosure of state secrets, abuse of office and using counterfeit documents " was closed.

Diane was needed as a material witness in the case and New York police searched three continents before they found her in their own back yard -- in a swank hotel, of course.

In the case of new evidence, there must be a high probability that its presence or absence would have made a material difference in the trial.

Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists ( as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration ), for sequential volumes, to differentiate monarchs or family members with the same first names, and ( in lower case ) to number pages in prefatory material in books.

Players often find that sweat becomes a problem ; in this case, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or hands, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip material or change his grip more frequently.

The material of the boat hull may be denser than water, but if this is the case then it forms only the outer layer.

Although the element is only mildly toxic, it is a hazardous material as a metal and its radioisotopes present a high health risk in case of radiation leaks.

In the case of gravitational forces, the intensity of the force depends on, or is proportional to, the mass density of the material, and it is specified in terms of force per unit mass () or per unit volume ().

CRTs have also been used as memory devices, in which case the visible light emitted from the fluoresecent material ( if any ) is not intended to have significant meaning to a visual observer ( though the visible pattern on the tube face may cryptically represent the stored data ).

The clause prevents the newspapers and media from publishing material that is too extreme or sensationalist about a criminal case until the trial is over and the jury has given its verdict.

In some cases density is expressed as the dimensionless quantities specific gravity or relative density, in which case it is expressed in multiples of the density of some other standard material, usually water or air / gas.

In July 2007, new forensic evidence was presented in the case and a status report jointly issued by the State and the Defense team stated, " Although most of the genetic material recovered from the scene was attributable to the victims of the offenses, some of it cannot be attributed to either the victims or the defendants.

Often, the criteria had moral bases, such as in the case of Pierre de La Primaudaye's L ' Académie française and Guillaume Telin's Bref sommaire des sept vertus & c .. Encyclopaedists encountered several problems with this approach, including how to decide what to omit as unnecessary, how to structure knowledge that resisted structure ( often simply as a consequence of the sheer amount of material that deserved inclusion ), and how to cope with the influx of newly discovered knowledge and the effects that it had on prior structures.

In 1917 Columbia established the Lincoln School of Teachers College “ as a laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary curriculum which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form material adapted to the needs of modern living .” ( Cremin, 282 ) Based on Flexner ’ s demand that the modern curriculum “ include nothing for which an affirmative case can not be made out ” ( Cremin, 281 ) the new school organized its activities around four fundamental fields: science, industry, aesthetics and civics.

The nature of interaction between early humans and these sister species has been a long standing source of controversy, the question being whether humans replaced these earlier species or whether they were in fact similar enough to interbreed, in which case these earlier populations may have contributed genetic material to modern humans.

In this case the fossil consists of original material, albeit in a geochemically altered state.

The decay times of this fluorescence are of the order of nanoseconds, since the duration of the light depends on the lifetime of the excited states of the fluorescent material, in this case anthracene or stilbene.

Robinson wrote that, where the Gospel narrative accounts can be checked for consistency with surviving material evidence, the account in the Gospel of John is commonly the more plausible ; that it is generally easier to reconcile the various synoptic accounts within John's narrative framework, than it is to explain John's narrative within the framework of any of the synoptics ; and that, where in the Gospel Jesus and his disciples are described as travelling around identifiable locations, the trips in question can always be plausibly followed on the ground, which he says is not the case for any synoptic Gospel.

In writing, phrases commonly used, with debatable propriety, as alternatives to P " if and only if " Q include Q is necessary and sufficient for P, P is equivalent ( or materially equivalent ) to Q ( compare material implication ), P precisely if Q, P precisely ( or exactly ) when Q, P exactly in case Q, and P just in case Q.

Justin uses material from the Synoptic Gospels ( Matthew, Mark, and Luke ) in the composition of the First Apology and the Dialogue, either directly, as in the case of Matthew, or indirectly through the use of a gospel harmony, which may have been composed by Justin or his school.

Another method of achieving pulsed laser operation is to pump the laser material with a source that is itself pulsed, either through electronic charging in the case of flash lamps, or another laser which is already pulsed.

Moreover, even when the electron configuration is such that there are unpaired electrons and / or non-filled subshells, it is often the case that the various electrons in the solid will contribute magnetic moments that point in different, random directions, so that the material will not be magnetic.

Maritime archaeological sites often result from shipwrecks or sometimes seismic catastrophes, and thus represent a moment in time rather than a slow deposition of material accumulated over a period of years, as is the case with port-related structures ( such as piers, wharves and jetties ) where objects are lost or thrown off structures over extended periods of time.