" The prominent British-American orientalist Bernard Lewis argues that in the hadiths and the classical manuals of Islamic law jihad has a military meaning in the large majority of cases.

* The Seventh Posture of Burton's translation of The Perfumed Garden is an unusual position not described in other classical sex manuals.

In English texts, " tribade " is recorded as early as 1601, in Ben Jonson's Praeludium ( Poem X in The Forest ), to as late as the mid-nineteenth century ; it was the most common lesbian term in European texts, through the proliferation of classical literature, anatomies, midwiferies, sexual advice manuals, and pornography.

These manuals contained an outline of the grammar, a selection of dialogues in parallel columns of Italian and English, and longer extracts from classical Italian writers in prose and verse.

The chapel houses two organs, a classical instrument built in 1984 by Frobenius of Denmark has three manuals and pedals, thirty-five speaking stops and mechanical action.

As part of their army reform the stadtholders therefore made extensive use of military manuals, often inspired by classical examples of Roman infantry tactics, such as the ones edited by Justus Lipsius in De Militia Romana of 1595.

By the end of the 17th century, the manuals begin to take on a more classical character in both the terminology and the presentation of the techniques.

In spite of these difficulties, Liang started his research by " decoding " classical manuals and consulting the workmen who have the traditional skills.

The second noteworthy characteristic is that the country borders on very different parts of the African continent: North Africa, with its Islamic culture and economic orientation toward the Mediterranean Basin ; West Africa, with its diverse religions and cultures and its history of highly developed states and regional economies ; Northeast Africa, oriented toward the Nile Valley and Red Sea region ; and Central or Equatorial Africa, some of whose people have retained classical African religions while others have adopted Christianity, and whose economies were part of the great Congo River system.

In traditions such as classical Hinduism, Zen Buddhism or Islamic Sufism, a key to enlightenment is " transcending " this sort of dualistic thinking, without merely substituting dualism with monism or pluralism.

A number of important legal institutions were developed by Muslim jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the Islamic Golden Age.

Hawala has its origins in classical Islamic law and is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century.

Within classical Islamic jurisprudence — the development of which is to be dated into the first few centuries after the prophets death — jihad is the only form of warfare permissible under Islamic law, and may consist in wars against unbelievers, apostates, rebels, highway robbers and dissenters renouncing the authority of Islam.

Babylonian astronomy served as the basis for much of Greek, classical Indian, Sassanian, Byzantine, Syrian, medieval Islamic, Central Asian, and Western European astronomy.

Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars ' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass.

He stands near the end of the classical development of philosophy, and was very influential on Western medieval philosophy ( Greek and Latin ) as well as Islamic thought.

A relationship to music as actually practised was not part of this study, but the framework of classical harmonics would substantially influence the content and structure of music theory as practised both in European and Islamic cultures.

A number of important legal concepts and institutions were developed by Islamic jurists during the classical period of Islam, known as the Islamic Golden Age, dated from the 7th to 13th centuries.

Based on Quranic verses and Islamic traditions, classical sharia distinguishes between Muslims, followers of other Abrahamic monotheistic religions, and pagans or people belonging to other polytheistic religions.

Parallels to common law concepts are found in classical Islamic law and jurisprudence including ratio decidendi ( illah ).

One of the institutions developed by classical Islamic jurists that influenced civil law was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century.

In Song Dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature.

The University of Padua ( the second in Italy, after Bologna ) was founded in 1222, and as it flourished in the 13th century Padua outpaced Bologna, where no effort had been made to expand the revival of classical precedents beyond the field of jurisprudence, to become a center of early humanist researches, with a first-hand knowledge of Roman poets that was unrivalled in Italy or beyond the Alps.

Though the prohibition of illegal drugs was established under Islamic law, particularly against the use of hashish as a recreational drug, classical jurists of medieval Islamic jurisprudence accepted the use of hashish for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, and agreed that its " medical use, even if it leads to mental derangement, remains exempt " from punishment.

The definition of riba in classical Islamic jurisprudence was " surplus value without counterpart ", or " to ensure equivalency in real value ", and that " numerical value was immaterial.

A number of important legal institutions were developed by Islamic jurists during the classical period of Islamic law and jurisprudence, One such institution was the Hawala, an early informal value transfer system, which is mentioned in texts of Islamic jurisprudence as early as the 8th century.

" Jeremy Bentham, who had been a critic of the Commentaries when it was first published, credits Blackstone with having: "... taught jurisprudence to speak the language of the scholar and the gentleman ; put a polish upon that rugged science, cleansed her from the dust and cobwebs of the office and, if he has not enriched her with that precision which is drawn only from the sterling treasury of the sciences, has decked her out to advantage from the toilet of classical erudition, enlivened her with metaphors and allusions and sent her abroad in some measure to instruct.

Those militants who follow a version of sharia based on the classical fiqh (" jurisprudence ") as interpreted by local ulema (" jurists "), were the most prominent of several competing trends in modern Islamic philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s.

He not only spoke several languages ( English, Polish, French, and could converse in Russian, Italian & German ) but was learned in jurisprudence and classical studies.

According to the classical chief sources of legislation and jurisprudence in orthodox Sunni Islam, primarily the Quran and Hadith texts ( and notably the practice of the Salafi school of thought and early Muslims ), it is understood to be totally forbidden to build structures over graves based on the legal evidences where the Prophet Muhammad ordered to demolish all the structures over graves and forbade acts of worship at the graveyards ( aside from the funeral prayer ) including calling upon other than Allah.

' Umdat as-Salik wa ' Uddat an-Nasik ( Reliance of the Traveller and Tools of the Worshipper, also commonly known by its shorter title Reliance of the Traveller ) is a classical manual of fiqh for the Shafi ' i school of Islamic jurisprudence.

In 1842 he succeeded TH Key as professor of Latin at University College ; in 1846 – 1849 he was reader in jurisprudence and civil law in the Middle Temple, and finally ( 1849 – 1871 ) classical lecturer at Brighton College.

At the University of Landshut ( today the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich ), to which he removed in 1812, he first applied himself to jurisprudence, but soon devoted his attention exclusively to history and classical and oriental philology.

The definition of riba in classical Islamic jurisprudence was " surplus value without counterpart.

The first part of the book presents an overview of the theological-juridical underpinnings of apostasy in Islam based upon the Qur ’ an, the hadiths and written opinions from classical schools of Islamic jurisprudence as well as contemporary written pronouncements of Islamic jurists.

In classical Sunni Islam, there are four major sources of jurisprudence: the Qur ' an, the Sunnah, ijma ' ( consensus ), and qiyas ( analogy ).

What was added were rules for the use of the classical orders, and the exact proportions of the orders down to the most minute detail.

In the later 18th century the rules of the Renaissance and the Baroque periods came to be disregarded, and the original use of the orders revived, based on first-hand study of the ruins of classical antiquity-often hailed as the ' correct ' use of the orders.

It turns out that the usual rules for combining quantum mechanical and classical descriptions violate the principle of locality without violating causality.

Sergei Eisenstein developed a system of editing that was unconcerned with the rules of the continuity system of classical Hollywood that he called Intellectual montage.

" Regular " was a term of approval, implying symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures, was deeply felt as a flaw.

The dissenters, who included Rabbi Joel Roth as well as a partial concurrence by Rabbi Daniel Nevins, argued for reaffirming the classical halakhic framework in which human decrees inform and often limit but never wholly abrogate law believed to be of Divine origin, stating that " we should acknowledge that God's law is beyond our authority to eliminate ", but should continue the traditional approach of applying strict evidentiary rules and presumptions that tend to render enforcement unlikely.

In classical hexameter, the six feet follow these rules:

Although the rules seem simple, it is hard to use classical hexameter in English, because English is a stress-timed language that condenses vowels and consonants between stressed syllables, while hexameter relies on the regular timing of the phonetic sounds.

It stated the basic rules of classical writing as the Romans understood and used them.

Unlike some other classical figures ( Comte, Durkheim ) Weber did not attempt, consciously, to create any specific set of rules governing social sciences in general, or sociology in particular.

By the 1930s, many revisions of the rules developed that were substantially different from Babcock's classical version ( including some that were considered fundamentals in other variants, such as the notion of a standard hand ).

This is related to the emergence of classical probability rules in quantum decoherence.

Brian Ó Cuív sets out the rules of rhyme in Irish poetry of the classical period: the last stressed vowel and any subsequent long vowels must be identical in order for two words to rhyme.

The classical unities, Aristotelian unities or three unities are rules for drama derived from a passage in Aristotle's Poetics.

The classical unities were influential in dramatic criticism until Victor Hugo's Hernani ( 1830 ); one of the things that made that play controversial at its debut was its violation of these rules of classicism.

" Gibbs's own framework for statistical mechanics was so carefully constructed that it could be carried over almost intact after the discovery that the microscopic laws of nature obey the rules of quantum mechanics, rather than the classical mechanics known to Gibbs and to his contemporaries.

* Classical mechanics: The laws of classical mechanics can be said to emerge as a limiting case from the rules of quantum mechanics applied to large enough masses.

They never achieved any form of national unity beyond short, dynastic rules at the height of the Greek classical period.

He gave an example of a system that uses the world-relative interpretation and preserves the classical rules.

The poem was said to be a response to an ongoing debate on the question of whether poetry should be natural, or written according to predetermined artificial rules inherited from the classical past.

Rather, complementarity means that the composition of physical properties for S ( such as position and momentum both having values within certain ranges ), using propositional connectives, does not obey the rules of classical propositional logic ( see also Quantum logic ).

The theory is based on a consistency criterion that allows the history of a system to be described so that the probabilities for each history obey the additive rules of classical probability.

The Querelle du Cid caused Corneille to pay closer attention to classical dramatic rules.

He simultaneously maintained the importance of classical dramatic rules and justified his own transgressions of those rules in Le Cid.