In the history of cryptography, codes were once common for ensuring the confidentiality of communications, although ciphers are now used instead.

Algorithms used earlier in the history of cryptography are substantially different from modern methods, and modern ciphers can be classified according to how they operate and whether they use one or two keys.

Even though the goal has been the same, the methods and techniques of cryptanalysis have changed drastically through the history of cryptography, adapting to increasing cryptographic complexity, ranging from the pen-and-paper methods of the past, through machines like Bombes and Colossus computers at Bletchley Park in World War II, to the mathematically advanced computerized schemes of the present.

Stephenson explores subjects such as mathematics, cryptography, philosophy, currency, and the history of science.

During the early history of cryptography, two parties would rely upon a key using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method.

In the history of cryptography, Typex ( alternatively, Type X or TypeX ) machines were British cipher machines used from 1937.

In the history of cryptography, 97-shiki ōbun inji-ki ( 九七式欧文印字機 ) (" System 97 Printing Machine for European Characters ") or Angōki Taipu-B ( 暗号機 タイプB ) (" Type B Cipher Machine "), codenamed Purple by the United States, was a diplomatic cryptographic machine used by the Japanese Foreign Office just before and during World War II.

The history of cryptography provides evidence that it can be difficult to keep the details of a widely used algorithm secret ( see security through obscurity ).

In the history of cryptography, the ECM Mark II was a cipher machine used by the United States for message encryption from World War II until the 1950s.

The history of cryptography begins thousands of years ago and contains a variety of different types of encryption.

Financial cryptography is distinguished from traditional cryptography in that for most of recorded history, cryptography has been used almost entirely for military and diplomatic purposes.

His written works include Fermat's Last Theorem ( in the United States titled Fermat's Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem ), The Code Book ( about cryptography and its history ), Big Bang ( about the Big Bang theory and the origins of the universe ) and Trick or Treatment?

As well as explaining the science of codes and describing the impact of cryptography on history, the book also contends that cryptography is more important today than ever before.

* Kahn, David – The Codebreakers ( ISBN 0-684-83130-9 ) A single-volume source for cryptographic history, at least for events up to the mid -' 60s ( i. e., to just before DES and the public release of asymmetric key cryptography ).

Kahn has written other books and articles on cryptography, and on cryptographic history.

* Singh, Simon, The Code Book ( ISBN 1-85702-889-9 ): an anecdotal introduction to the history of cryptography.

It is both a history of cryptography, and a discussion of mathematical topics related to cryptography.

* Budiansky, Stephen, Battle of Wits: a one-volume history of cryptography in WW II.

The Codebreakers – The Story of Secret Writing ( ISBN 0-684-83130-9 ) is a book by David Kahn, published in 1967 comprehensively chronicling the history of cryptography from ancient Egypt to the time of its writing.

It is widely regarded as the best account of the history of cryptography up to its publication.

The book was republished in 1996, and this new edition includes an additional chapter briefly covering the events since the original publication ; see the " Books on cryptography " article for other works which cover this later history in more detail.

But it is also the climax to one of the absorbing chapters in our current political history.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

The defect of these proposals is in their attempt to outrun history and their assumption that because something may be desirable it is also possible.

The impact of technological factors is also illustrated by the history of the high-energy fuel program.

The answers to questions such as these certainly depend to some extent upon the educator's own social-class position and also upon his social history, as well as upon his personality and what he conceives his mission to be as an educator.

Yet this utterly individual historical person must also contain within himself the common history of mankind.

In this line, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life.

This Einstein android, also called " Albert Hubo ", thus represents the first full-body walking android in history ( see video at

The Communion is held together by a shared history, expressed in its ecclesiology, polity and ethos and also by participation in international consultative bodies.

The ostensible reason was a report by XI Corps commander Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard that Doubleday's corps broke first, causing the entire Union line to collapse, but Meade also had a long history of disdain for Doubleday's combat effectiveness, dating back to South Mountain.

" This term apparently also inspired the name of the alternate history book list, uchronia. net.

Secret history, works that document things that are not known to have happened historically but would not have changed history had they happened, is also not to be confused with alternate history.

Antoninus in many ways was the ideal of the landed gentleman praised not only by ancient Romans, but also by later scholars of classical history, such as Edward Gibbon or the author of the article on Antoninus Pius in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica:

The family of Antoninus Pius and Faustina the Elder also represents one of the few periods in ancient Roman history where the position of Emperor passed smoothly from father to son.

The establishment of the church as an institution recognized by worldly rulers is also visible in legal history.

Although Albert has received relatively little recognition in German history, his dissolution of the Teutonic State caused the founding of the Duchy of Prussia ( and also the Hohenzollern dynasty ), which would eventually become arguably the most powerful German state and instrumental in uniting the whole of Germany.

The war also marked a watershed in the geo-political history of the region, as together with the Lombard migration the following year, it signalled the end of six centuries of Germanic dominance in the Pannonian Basin.

This is a history of Spain from the earliest times down to 1456, and was printed at Granada in 1545, and also in the Rerum Hispanicarum Scriptores aliquot, by R. Bel ( Frankfort, 1579 ).

It was also around this time that William of Tyre was promoted to archdeacon of Tyre, and was recruited by Amalric to write a history of the kingdom.

He was also interested in history and culture, and commissioned Saxo Grammaticus to write Gesta Danorum, a comprehensive chronicle of the history of the Danes.

Aeon can also refer to the four aeons on the Geologic Time Scale that make up the Earth's history, the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and the current aeon Phanerozoic.