Austin's nineteenth-century view of law and sovereignty still dominates much of today's legal and political thinking.

In the first place the new doctrine brought a formal separation of international from municipal law, rejecting the earlier view that both were parts of a universal legal system.

The prevailing view in the industry was summed up in 1912 by a group of auto makers who told a Senate committee: `` The exceedingly unsatisfactory and uselessly expensive conditions, including delays surrounding legal disputes, particularly in patent litigation, are items of industrial burden which must be written large in figures of many millions of dollars of industrial waste ''.

This view entails the problem that it makes any moral criticism of the law impossible: if conformity with natural law forms a necessary condition for legal validity, all valid law must, by definition, count as morally just.

This view leads to a seeming paradox: one can perform an illegal act without committing a crime, while a criminal act could be perfectly legal.

The Rump had not agreed to its own dissolution when it was dispersed by Cromwell and legislation from the period immediately before the Civil War — the Act against dissolving the Long Parliament without its own consent ( 11 May 1641 ) -- gave them the legal basis for this view.

One aspect that gradually became disturbing from a civil rights point of view, was that relatives would use deception, or legal dealings or even kidnapping to get the recruit into deprogrammers ' hands, without allowing the person any recourse to a lawyer or psychiatrist of their own choosing.

Statements of principle are, from a legal point of view, not determinative and require extensive interpretation by courts to bring out meaning in particular factual situations.

Stone suggested that there was nothing absurd in this view, and noted that many entities now regarded as having legal rights were, in the past, regarded as " things " that were regarded as legally rightless ; for example, aliens, children and women.

Bloch approached feudalism not so much from a legal and military point of view but from a sociological one.

Analytic, or ' clarificatory ', jurisprudence means the use of a neutral point of view and descriptive language when referring to the aspects of legal systems.

Contemporary legal positivists have long abandoned this view, and have criticised its oversimplification, H. L. A. Hart particularly.

One school is sometimes called exclusive legal positivism, and it is associated with the view that the legal validity of a norm can never depend on its moral correctness.

A second school is labeled inclusive legal positivism, a major proponent of which is Wil Waluchow, and it is associated with the view that moral considerations may determine the legal validity of a norm, but that it is not necessary that this is the case.

It follows on Dworkin's view that one cannot know whether a society has a legal system in force, or what any of its laws are, until one knows some moral truths about the justifications for the practices in that society.

It is consistent with Dworkin's view — in contrast with the views of legal positivists or legal realists — that * no one * in a society may know what its laws are ( because no one may know the best justification for its practices.

From a strictly legal point of view, the treaty did not deprive Morocco of its status as a sovereign state.

The legal concept of a merger ( with the resulting corporate mechanics, statutory merger or statutory consolidation, which have nothing to do with the resulting power grab as between the management of the target and the acquirer ) is different from the business point of view of a " merger ", which can be achieved independently of the corporate mechanics through various means such as " triangular merger ", statutory merger, acquisition, etc.

From a legal point of view, in an acquisition, the target company still exists as an independent legal entity, which is controlled by the acquirer.

Although natural law is often conflated with common law, the two are distinct in that natural law is a view that certain rights or values are inherent in or universally cognizable by virtue of human reason or human nature, while common law is the legal tradition whereby certain rights or values are legally cognizable by virtue of judicial recognition or articulation.

These views led to a view on property rights that might today be described as legal positivism.

Provincial authorities issue licenses for handguns, shotguns and hunting rifles ( bolt action only ) that are only legal in the province in which they are issued.

PCART was reorganized as the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, thus making Tibet an administrative division on the same legal footing as a Chinese province.

Paon de Ruet is found early, in a legal document, in the form Paganus de Rodio — referring to Rodium, the mediaeval Latin form corresponding to the Roeulx, or Le Rœulx, the name of a town of 3000 inhabitants, 8 miles north-east of Mons, on the highway leading from Mons to Nivelle located in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

There are some province offices where a married woman can use only her birth name, and some others where she has to use the complete name, for legal purposes.

The Carolingians codified the Thuringian legal customs ( but perhaps did not use them extensively ) as the Lex Thuringorum and continued to exact a tribute of pigs, presumably a Merovingian imposition, from the province.

All Communities thus have a precise and legally established area where they can exercise their competencies: the Flemish Community has legal authority ( for its Community competencies ) only within the Dutch language area ( which coincides with the Flemish Region ) and bilingual Brussels-Capital language area ( which coincides with the Region by that name ); the French-speaking Community analogously has powers only within the French language area of the Walloon Region and in the Brussels-Capital Region, and the German Community in the German language area, which is a small part of the province of Liège in the Walloon region, and borders Germany.

In 1865 the synod of that province, in an urgent letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury ( Dr Longley ), represented the unsettlement of members of the Canadian Church caused by recent legal decisions of the Privy Council, and their alarm lest the revived action of Convocation " should leave us governed by canons different from those in force in England and Ireland, and thus cause us to drift into the status of an independent branch of the Catholic Church ".

On February 28, 2007 the parliament of the Balearic Islands, an autonomous province of Spain, passed the world's first legislation that would effectively grant legal personhood rights to all great apes.

On June 30, 2005, through a secret direct voting process, with the participation of the widest communities in the province and despite all the political legal security complexities of this process in the country generally and in Kirkuk in particular, Kirkuk witnessed the birth of its first elected Provincial Council.

Northern Ireland is today one of the four countries of the United Kingdom, ( although it is also described by official sources as a province or a region ) situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, having been created as a separate legal entity on 3 May 1921, under the Government of Ireland Act 1920.

The judicial system in Ontario is officially bilingual in all areas, although in some parts of the province a legal matter involving francophones may have to be transferred to another region where francophone services are more readily available.

He studied law with David Ogden, of Newark, who was at that time the head of the legal profession in the province.

They are not " law clerks " in the province of Ontario, Canada and are considered to be a formal part of the legal system.

Forest land in the province has an area of 66, 002. 46 hectares ; 53, 262 hectares of which are considered a national park ( which has legal implications ).

In the province of Prince Edward Island the lone Therapeutic Abortion Committee shut down and there were no legal abortions in the province after 1982.

The Roman legal concept of imperium meant that an " imperial " magistrate or promagistrate had absolute authority within the competence of his office ; a promagistrate with imperium appointed to govern a province, therefore, had absolute authority within his capacity as governor of that province ; indeed, the word provincia referred both to the governor's office or jurisdiction and to the territory he governed.

The Clarity Act detailed specifically how the province of Quebec could separate and under what conditions a separation could be legal.

This legal rule ensured the eventual end of slavery in Upper Canada, although as it diminished the sale value of slaves within the province it also resulted in slaves being sold to the United States.

However, in Reference re Secession of Quebec, the Supreme Court of Canada has essentially said that a democratic vote in itself would have no legal effect, since the secession of a province in Canada would only be constitutionally valid after a negotiation between the federal government and the provincial government ; whose people would have clearly expressed, by a clear majority, that it no longer wished to be part of Canada.

In federal realms of the Commonwealth, the concept of the Crown-in-the-legislature only applies to those units which are considered separate divisions of the monarchy, sovereign within their own sphere, such Australian states or the Canadian provinces ; this is the basis of the legal distinction between a province and a territory in Canada, for example.

Canadian law graduates in most of the provinces in Canada must complete an internship with a law firm ( known as ‘ articles ’) and a professional legal training course, as well as pass professional exams in order to be called to the bar in a province.

Upon having received a certificate of accreditation from the National Committee on Accreditation, foreign law graduates would then have to obtain articles with a law firm, take the professional legal training course, and pass the professional exams to be called to the bar in a province.