The photochemical exchange occurs with a quantum yield of the order of unity in the liquid phase at 65-degrees using light absorbed only by the Af.

The contents of the manifold for liquid phase experiments were then mixed by shaking, redistributed to the reaction tubes, frozen down, and each tube was then sealed off.

-- The samples for liquid phase thermal reaction studies were prepared in Pyrex capillary tubing 2.5 mm. i.d. and about 15 cm. long.

In the liquid phase runs the amount of carbon tetrachloride in each reaction tube was determined by weighing the tube before opening and weighing the fragments after emptying.

-- In studying the liquid phase thermal reaction, some 70 tubes from 12 different manifold fillings were prepared and analyzed.

The liquid phase photochemical reaction.

Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same phase ( i. e. different solid, liquid or gas forms ); the changes of state between solid, liquid and gas in themselves are not considered allotropy.

The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase.

If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ), a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed.

Similarly, a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied.

For example, if a colloid consists of a solid phase dispersed in a liquid, the solid particles will not diffuse through a membrane, whereas with a true solution the dissolved ions or molecules will diffuse through a membrane.

Shortly after, in 1869, Irish chemist Thomas Andrews studied the phase transition from a liquid to a gas and coined the term critical point to describe the instant at which a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and Dutch physicist Johannes van der Waals supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures.

and to study phase transitions for Néel and spin liquid ordering.

Fuels of interest often include organic compounds ( especially hydrocarbons ) in the gas, liquid or solid phase.

Combustion of a liquid fuel in an oxidizing atmosphere actually happens in the gas phase.

Another commonly used basic distinction among the elements is their state of matter ( phase ), solid, liquid, or gas, at a selected standard temperature and pressure ( STP ).

For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse, forming a polycrystalline structure.

However, because of the relatively small diffusion rates in solids, the corresponding chemical reactions are very slow in comparison to liquid and gas phase reactions.

* The solvent refers to any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography.

The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube ( packed column ) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube ( open tubular column ).

It would appear that it should be possible to determine unique mechanisms for the thermal and photochemical reactions in both the liquid and gas phases and to determine values for activation energies of some of the intermediate reactions of atoms and free radicals, as well as information on the heat of dissociation of the carbon-halogen bond.

The thermal exchange of chlorine between Af and liquid Af is readily measurable at temperatures in the range of 180-degrees and above.

These estimates indicated that the quantum yield for the exchange of chlorine with liquid carbon tetrachloride at 65-degrees is of the order of magnitude of unity.

:* Polymer properties, synthesis, and characterization, for a specialized understanding of how polymers behave, how they are made, and how they are characterized ; exciting applications of polymers include liquid crystal displays ( LCDs, the displays found in most cell phones, cameras, and iPods ), novel photovoltaic devices based on semiconductor polymers ( which, unlike the traditional silicon solar panels, are flexible and cheap to manufacture, albeit with lower efficiency ), and membranes for room-temperature fuel cells ( as proton exchange membranes ) and filtration systems in the environmental and biomedical fields

In liquid this occurs because it exchanges heat with colder liquid through direct exchange.

An act of exchange of a less liquid asset with a more liquid asset is called liquidation.

In both phases the lipid molecules are prevented from flip-flopping across the bilayer, but in liquid phase bilayers a given lipid will exchange locations with its neighbor millions of times a second.

HPLC separation is influenced by the liquid solvent ’ s condition ( e. g. pressure, temperature ), chemical interactions between the sample mixture and the liquid solvent ( e. g. hydrophobicity, protonation, etc …), and chemical interactions between the sample mixture and the solid particles packed inside of the separation column ( e. g. Ligand affinity, ion exchange, etc ...).

Physiological responses to even small quantities include the extrusion of liquid into the lungs ( pulmonary edema ) over the following hours, but this reduces the ability to exchange air and can lead to a person " drowning in their own body fluid ".

A rising body of fluid typically loses heat because it encounters a cold surface ; because it exchanges heat with colder liquid through direct exchange ; or in the example of the Earth's atmosphere, because it radiates heat.

An interest rate swap ( IRS ) is a popular and highly liquid financial derivative instrument in which two parties agree to exchange interest rate cash flows, based on a specified notional amount from a fixed rate to a floating rate ( or vice versa ) or from one floating rate to another.

Cooling is a large part of console hard ' modding ', including: heat sink upgrades, more powerful or quieter fans, some even go so far as to abandon common heat exchange to air all together by liquid a console ( most notably in the Xbox 360, which initially had some heat problems ).

Several research groups are exploring the possibility of recovering palladium by various methods like direct electrolysis of high-level liquid waste, using room temperature ionic liquids ( RTILs ) as electrolyte for nuclear fuel dissolution and recovery, solvent extraction, ion exchange, etc.

The foreign exchange market is the most liquid financial market in the world.

* Ion exchange ( Hensler, 1975 ) – Glass is immersed into a liquid melt with lithium ions.

Typically a brine liquid ( heavily salted water ) is used as the heat exchange fluid which is slightly more efficient and environmentally friendly than polypropylene heat transfer liquids.

Foreign exchange reserves are important indicators of ability to repay foreign debt and for currency defense, and are used to determine credit ratings of nations, however, other government funds that are counted as liquid assets that can be applied to liabilities in times of crisis include stabilization funds, otherwise known as sovereign wealth funds.

Prior to this discovery, the 1920s had been marked by a medley of disparate observations on Streptococcus pneumoniae that seemed to involve an exchange of receptors among diverse bacteria either grown together in liquid media or exposed to various kinds of extracts and supernatants.

Another consideration to take into account is that, since any amine groups will have reacted with the labelling reagent, ion exchange chromatography cannot be used, and thin layer chromatography or high pressure liquid chromatography should be used instead.

It helps the embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste.

Elemental bromine is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature, corrosive and toxic, with properties between those of chlorine and iodine.

Gas chromatography ( GC ) is based on a partition equilibrium of analyte between a solid stationary phase ( often a liquid silicone-based material ) and a mobile gas ( most often Helium ).

This motion causes the column to see one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two immiscible liquid phases used.

Due to the possibility of confusion between the use of the word " cytosol " to refer to both extracts of cells and the soluble part of the cytoplasm in intact cells, the phrase " aqueous cytoplasm " has been used to describe the liquid contents of the cytoplasm of living cells.

In a mercury-arc valve, an arc forms between a refractory conductive anode and a pool of liquid mercury acting as cathode.

The ratio between A and B in the vapor will be different from the ratio in the liquid: the ratio in the liquid will be determined by how the original mixture was prepared, while the ratio in the vapor will be enriched in the more volatile compound, A ( due to Raoult's Law, see above ).

If the difference in vapor pressure between the two components A and B is large ( generally expressed as the difference in boiling points ), the mixture in the beginning of the distillation is highly enriched in component A, and when component A has distilled off, the boiling liquid is enriched in component B.

To avoid mixing between the two electrolytes, the liquid junction can be provided through a porous plug that allows ion flow while reducing electrolyte mixing.

In the case of the steam engine, the fluid changes phases between liquid and gas.

* Enthalpy of fusion, defined as the enthalpy change required to completely change the state of one mole of substance between solid and liquid states.

* Enthalpy of vaporization, defined as the enthalpy change required to completely change the state of one mole of substance between liquid and gaseous states.

Evaporation also tends to proceed more quickly with higher flow rates between the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapor pressure.

On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the liquid state and the vapor state.

This decreases intermolecular forces between the fat molecules, making it more difficult for unsaturated cis-fats to freeze ; they are typically liquid at room temperature.

The hydrophobic interaction is mostly an entropic effect originating from the disruption of highly dynamic hydrogen bonds between molecules of liquid water by the nonpolar solute.

Interfacial tension between the solid and liquid

: = Interfacial tension between the liquid and gas

Kerosene, a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons, with a density of 0. 78 – 0. 81 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup >, is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 ° C and 275 ° C, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between six and 16 carbon atoms per molecule.

With actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second ( crossed ) polarizer.