One of the more noteworthy changes that have taken place since the mid-19th century is the situation of Catholics at Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century.

The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

In the mid-19th century important leaders included Transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson ( 1803 – 1882 ) and Henry David Thoreau ( 1817 – 1862 ).

* In the Michael Flynn novel In the Country of the Blind, a secret society calling itself the Babbage Society secretly financed the building of Babbage Engines in the mid-19th century.

In the mid-19th century, numerous modifications were attempted to alleviate these problems, as well as improve holding power, including one-armed mooring anchors.

From Russian arrival in the Aleutian Islands in 1786 through the mid-19th century, the Russians invaded and enslaved the natives, and many of the Aleut customs disappeared.

Various written accounts of bunyips were made by Europeans in the early and mid-19th century, as settlement spread across the country.

In the mid-19th century Scottish antiquaries called brochs ' burgs ', after Old Norse borg, with the same meaning.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

By the mid-19th century, Bayonne had declined somewhat with the centralisation of power to Paris and to the new département capital, non-Basque Pau, after the 1789 French Revolution, and with Wellington's bombardment.

William Robert Hicks the humorist was domestic superintendent in the mid-19th century.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

This was problematic, as the patroon system of land holding, based on the feudal system and civil law, continued to operate in the colony until it was abolished in the mid-19th century.

Contra dances were fashionable in the United States until the early to mid-19th century, when they were supplanted in popularity by square dances ( such as the quadrille and lancers ) and couple dances ( such as the waltz and polka ).

The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century.

Croatian romantic nationalism emerged in mid-19th century to counteract the apparent Germanization and Magyarization of Croatia.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature.

Use of the CE abbreviation was introduced by Jewish academics in the mid-19th century.

During his reign, Saladin also constructed the Cairo Citadel, which served as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th century.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Conservative Judaism ( also known as Masorti Judaism outside of the United States and Canada ) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.

Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as " football ", played at public schools in England in the mid-19th century.

During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time.

Such devices have been in use since at least the Middle Bronze Age ( shown is a balance for weighing tobacco dating from the mid-19th century ).

Some important events of this revival were the writings of Phoebe Palmer during the mid-19th century, the establishment of the first of many holiness camp meetings at Vineland, New Jersey in 1867, and the founding of Asbury College ( 1890 ), and other similar institutions in the US around the turn of the 20th century.

Although the term has been in use since at least the late 18th century ( used in 1796 in reference to alchemy ,) the concept of pseudoscience as distinct from real or proper science appears to have emerged in the mid-19th century.

The search began in the mid-19th century and culminated at the start of the 20th with Percival Lowell's quest for Planet X. Lowell proposed the Planet X hypothesis to explain apparent discrepancies in the orbits of the gas giants, particularly Uranus and Neptune, speculating that the gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to account for the irregularities.

Pan-Slavism was a movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples.

In the mid-19th century, a multitude of small breweries grew into existence in all the larger cities of Sweden, and every town had to have at least one brewery, if nothing else for sating the local patriotism.

Since at least the mid-19th century, a group of Catholic flagellants in New Mexico called Hermanos de Luz (" Brothers of Light ") have annually conducted reenactments of Jesus Christ's crucifixion during Holy Week, in which a penitent is tied — but not nailed — to a cross.

However, while the names Shiraz and Hermitage gradually seem to have replaced Scyras in Australia from the mid-19th century, the spelling Shiraz has also been documented in British sources back to at least the 1830s.

Paul Foucault eventually took over his father-in-law's medical practice as well, while his wife took charge of their large mid-19th century house, Le Piroir, located at the village of Vendeuvre-du-Poitou 15 kilometres from the town.

However, by the mid-19th century it had become clear that " the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms become rapidly blurred at its boundaries and outmoded ".

Associations of fungi with the roots of plants have been known since at least the mid-19th century.

When Mr. Barkis dies, she inherits a substantial portion of his estate, valued at £ 3, 000 – a large sum in the mid-19th century ( he also leaves modest annuities for David, Mr. Daniel Peggotty, and Little Emily ).

Cow hides ( at roughly $ 1 each ) and fat ( known as tallow, used to make candles as well as soaps ) were the primary exports of California until the mid-19th century.

With the standardisation of training and tactics, the need for separate grenadier companies at regimental level had passed by the mid-19th century and the British, French and Austrian armies phased out these sub-units between 1850 and 1860.

The sculpture was excavated in the mid-19th century from the plaza forecourt of the Pyramid of the Moon structure, and it is possible that the pyramid was dedicated — for at least some period of time — to this Teotihuacan water deity.

There are at least three stories of where the town's name came from: The first is that it was named after William Slaughter, a local postmaster in the mid-19th century.

The City Seal, depicting a spindle with different types of shoes at each outside point was designed when Auburn was positioning itself as the shoe manufacturing center of Maine in the mid-19th century.

The community of Camp Springs was settled in the mid-19th century at the crossroads of present-day Branch Avenue and Allentown Road.

The town is discussed at some length in Henry David Thoreau's Cape Cod as the somewhat rugged site of one of New England's largest summer " camp-meeting " evangelistic gatherings in the mid-19th century.

In the mid-19th century, a mill district developed at falls on the Mascoma River.

By the mid-19th century, steamboats stopped at " Chandler's Dock " on a route between Red Bank and New York City, bringing visitors to the area and local oysters to the city.

Fairport acquired its name in the mid-19th century from a traveler on the Erie Canal who was overheard at Mallett's Tavern referring to the village as a fair port.