One of the more noteworthy changes that have taken place since the mid-19th century is the situation of Catholics at Oxford and Cambridge Universities.

The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century.

The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.

By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region.

In the mid-19th century important leaders included Transcendentalists such as Ralph Waldo Emerson ( 1803 – 1882 ) and Henry David Thoreau ( 1817 – 1862 ).

* In the Michael Flynn novel In the Country of the Blind, a secret society calling itself the Babbage Society secretly financed the building of Babbage Engines in the mid-19th century.

In the mid-19th century, numerous modifications were attempted to alleviate these problems, as well as improve holding power, including one-armed mooring anchors.

From Russian arrival in the Aleutian Islands in 1786 through the mid-19th century, the Russians invaded and enslaved the natives, and many of the Aleut customs disappeared.

Various written accounts of bunyips were made by Europeans in the early and mid-19th century, as settlement spread across the country.

In the mid-19th century Scottish antiquaries called brochs ' burgs ', after Old Norse borg, with the same meaning.

Until the mid-19th century, the Museum's collections were relatively circumscribed but, in 1851, with the appointment to the staff of Augustus Wollaston Franks to curate the collections, the Museum began for the first time to collect British and European medieval antiquities, prehistory, branching out into Asia and diversifying its holdings of ethnography.

By the mid-19th century, Bayonne had declined somewhat with the centralisation of power to Paris and to the new département capital, non-Basque Pau, after the 1789 French Revolution, and with Wellington's bombardment.

William Robert Hicks the humorist was domestic superintendent in the mid-19th century.

Until the mid-19th century the Banda Islands were the world's only source of the spices nutmeg and mace, produced from the nutmeg tree.

This was problematic, as the patroon system of land holding, based on the feudal system and civil law, continued to operate in the colony until it was abolished in the mid-19th century.

Contra dances were fashionable in the United States until the early to mid-19th century, when they were supplanted in popularity by square dances ( such as the quadrille and lancers ) and couple dances ( such as the waltz and polka ).

The slave trade was largely suppressed by the mid-19th century.

Croatian romantic nationalism emerged in mid-19th century to counteract the apparent Germanization and Magyarization of Croatia.

In the mid-19th century, Cambridge was the center of a literary revolution when it gave the country a new identity through poetry and literature.

Use of the CE abbreviation was introduced by Jewish academics in the mid-19th century.

During his reign, Saladin also constructed the Cairo Citadel, which served as the seat of the Egyptian government until the mid-19th century.

Until the mid-19th century, when the river was tamed by dams, levees, and other controls, the Nile in the vicinity of Cairo was highly susceptible to changes in course and surface level.

Conservative Judaism ( also known as Masorti Judaism outside of the United States and Canada ) is a modern stream of Judaism that arose out of intellectual currents in Germany in the mid-19th century and took institutional form in the United States in the early 1900s.

Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as " football ", played at public schools in England in the mid-19th century.

During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

The Great Auk ( Pinguinus impennis ) was a large, flightless bird of the alcid family that became extinct in the mid-19th century.

Although the present-day concepts of literacy have much to do with the 15th century invention of the movable type printing press, it was not until the Industrial Revolution of the mid-19th century that paper and books became financially affordable to all classes of industrialized society.

In the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy, and anti-clericalism became features of the French Left.

Nevertheless, it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became fashionable in the Boston region.

Artists have long painted outdoors, but in the mid-19th century working in natural light became particularly important to the Barbizon school and Impressionism.

With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century, steel became an inexpensive mass-produced material.

The first books from the area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century.

By the mid-19th century, many operas became a sequence of arias, reducing the space left for recitative, while other operas ( for instance those by Wagner ) were entirely through-composed, with no section being readily identifiable as a self-contained aria.

A serious movement for merger of law and equity began in the states in the mid-19th century, when David Dudley Field II convinced New York State to adopt what became known as the Field Code of 1848.

In the mid-19th century Odessa became resort-town famed for its popularity amongst the Russian upper classes.

Interior minister Ilija Garašanin published The Draft which became the standpoint of Serbian foreign policy from the mid-19th century onwards.

By the mid-19th century, the Japanese soy sauce gradually disappeared from the European market, and soy sauce became synonymous with the Chinese product.

In the mid-19th century, it became an important center of the Slovene national revival.

The modern name ' Arbroath ' became more common in the mid-19th century, with the older name being largely dispensed with by the time of the first edition of the Ordnance Survey Maps.

Winchester became a gateway to Quaker settlements further west ; by the mid-19th century, the Quaker population was a small minority here.

As travel technology developed in the mid-19th century, Petersburg became established as a railroad center, with lines completed to Richmond to the north, Farmville and Lynchburg to the west, and Weldon, North Carolina to the south.

The institutions that merged to form the University had their origins in the mid-19th century, when religious orders and institutes became involved in preparing teachers for Catholic schools and, later, nurses for Catholic hospitals.

Originally inhabited by the Maidu and Miwok Indians, by the mid-19th century the city site was known as Alder Grove ; however, as development increased the city became known as Illinoistown.

During the mid-19th century, Branford became a popular resort area.

Cotton Valley was established in the mid-19th century but was not incorporated until 1944, when J. B. Roby, a Democrat, became its first mayor.

Buffalo remained a small town until the mid-19th century when it became a popular resort town for wealthy day-trippers from the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area.

In the mid-19th century Fredonia became the home of the first dues-paying Grange.

The intersection of Central Park Avenue and Hartsdale Avenue was named " Hart's Corners " after Robert Hart, one of these farmers who successfully bid for the land, and in the mid-19th century the entire area became known as " Hartsdale ".

As timber and lumber became a major industry in the mid-19th century, Larrys Creek, in Mifflin Township, was a source of power for sawmills and other mills.

Bluestone quarrying became a major enterprise in the area starting in the mid-19th century.