Another view, as important to the philosophy of art as " beauty ," is that of the " sublime ," elaborated upon in the twentieth century by the postmodern philosopher Jean-François Lyotard.

American " cultural anthropologists " focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world, especially in symbolic forms, such as art and myths.

The art usually acts as a visual metaphor to illustrate a point of view on current social and / or political topics.

* Cognitivism ( aesthetics ) is the view that cognitive psychology can help us better understand art and our response to it.

This deeper perspective helped move him to a new view of his art.

Less than a hundred years later, Aristotle developed an almost " biological ' theory of the development of tragedy in Athens: according to this view, the art form grew under the influence of Aeschylus, matured in the hands of Sophocles then began its precipitous decline with Euripides.

August Wilhelm's Vienna lectures on dramatic art and literature went through four editions between 1809 and 1846 and, in them, he opined that Euripides " not only destroyed the external order of tragedy but missed its entire meaning ," a view that came to influence Friedrich Nietzsche, who however seems not to have known the Euripidean plays at all well.

Secular perennialists espouse the idea that education should focus on the historical development of a continually developing common western base of human knowledge and art, the timeless value of classic thought on central human issues by landmark thinkers, and revolutionary ideas critical to historical western paradigm shifts or changes in world view.

Although he did not make known his intention when creating the plates, art historians view them as a visual protest against the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, the subsequent Peninsular War of 1808 – 14 and the setbacks to the liberal cause following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.

This view remained general until the 19th century, when artistic movements began to struggle against the establishment institutions of academic art, which continued to adhere to it.

Books, works of art, mirrors, cosmetics, sculptures, gaming tables, chess pieces, musical instruments, fine dresses and women ’ s hats were burnt in public view.

The human need for art, on this view, stems from the need for cognitive economy.

: What the Romanticists brought to art was the primacy of values … Values are the source of emotions: a great deal of emotional intensity was projected in the work of the Romanticists and in the reactions of their audiences, as well as a great deal of color, imagination, originality, excitement, and all the other consequences of a value-oriented view of life.

Some Marxist historians prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms, holding the view that the changes in art, literature, and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from feudalism towards capitalism, resulting in a bourgeois class with leisure time to devote to the arts.

He designed the main hall to seem like subterranean cave with 1, 200 coal bags suspended from the ceiling over a coal brazier with a single light bulb which provided the only lighting, so patrons were given flashlights with which to view the art.

Kerferd provides an example of one widespread modern view of the sophists: “… they were a set of charlatans that appeared in Greece in the fifth century, and earned ample livelihood by imposing on public credulity: professing to teach virtue, they really taught the art of fallacious discourse, and meanwhile propagated immoral practical doctrines .”

His spiritual, expressionistic view of art was ultimately rejected by the radical members of the Institute as too individualistic and bourgeois.

The arabesques and geometric patterns of Islamic art are often said to arise from the Islamic view of the world.

The chicken's " cultural and culinary dominance " could be considered amazing to some in view of its believed domestic origin and purpose and it has " inspired contributions to culture, art, cuisine, science and religion " from antiquity to the present.

But " this view of Cubism is associated with a distinctly restrictive definition of which artists are properly to be called Cubists ," writes the art historian Christopher Green: " Marginalizing the contribution of the artists who exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants in 1911 [...]"

Leo's lively interest in art and literature, to say nothing of his natural liberality, his alleged nepotism, his political ambitions and necessities, and his immoderate personal luxury, exhausted within two years the hard savings of Julius II, and precipitated a financial crisis from which he never emerged and which was a direct cause of most of what, from a papal point of view, were calamities of his pontificate.

In the twentieth century, when changing artistic tastes made artists like Bosch more palatable to the European imagination, it was sometimes argued that Bosch ’ s art was inspired by heretical points of view ( e. g., the ideas of the Cathars and putative Adamites ) as well as of obscure hermetic practices.

In recent decades, scholars have come to view Bosch's vision as less fantastic, and accepted that his art reflects the orthodox religious belief systems of his age.

Later that month, Thomson approached Childish with a view to co-founding an art group called Stuckism, which Childish agreed to, on the basis that Thomson would do the work for the group, as Childish already had a full schedule.

He is a historian, with the great merit of a historian's long view.

It is still not clear how far Orkney ’ s advance was planned only as a feint ; according to historian David Chandler it is probably more accurate to surmise that Marlborough launched Orkney in a serious probe with a view to sounding out the possibilities of the sector.

In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with " unmistakable if veiled phrases ".

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

Due to his literary style and the thoroughness of his research — which seemingly included studying Roman imperial archives and heavily relying on Thucydides — and his apparent rigor — for he tended not to support any character or subject, taking an impartial point of view — he was by far the most read and admired historian during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the early Modern Era.

The Cymean historian Ephorus held the same view, and the idea gained support in antiquity on the strength of a false etymology which derived his name from ho mḕ horṓn (: " he who does not see ").

The linguist and historian Ehret believes that in view of the similarity of the Ziwa / Gokomere pottery to the Nkope of the ancestral Nyasa language speakers, the Ziwa / Gokomere people spoke a language closely related to the Nyasa group.

In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, " at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur ... the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him ".

" However, during modern times, Luke's competence as a historian is questioned, although that depends on one's a priori view of the supernatural.

This traditional view, that the Epistola represents a contradiction of the letter to Æthelberht, has been challenged by the historian and theologian George Demacopoulos, who argues that the letter to Æthelberht was mainly meant to encourage the King in spiritual matters, while the Epistola was sent to deal with purely practical matters, and thus the two do not contradict each other.

According to historian Richard P. McBrien, the view of Anastasius II as a traitor is unjust.

The early years of the 21st century have seen a shift of opinion in Scott's favour, in what cultural historian Stephanie Barczewski calls " a revision of the revisionist view ".

Thucydides has no political aim in view: he was purely a historian.

" According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University, " A good number of his fellow senators supported his view of the citizenship clause.

The historian H. C. G. Matthew states that Gladstone's chief legacy lay in three areas: his financial policy ; his support for Home Rule ( devolution ) that modified the view of the unitary state of the United Kingdom ; and his idea of a progressive, reforming party broadly-based and capable of accommodating and conciliating varying interests, along with his speeches at mass public meetings.

While the traditional majority view in religious Judaism has been that the teachings of Kabbalah were revealed by God to Biblical figures such as Abraham and Moses and were then transmitted orally from the Biblical era until its redaction by Shimon ben Yochai, modern academic analysis of the Zohar, such as that by the 20th century religious historian Gershom Scholem, has theorized that De Leon was the actual author.

The historian Robert Mantran argues that from this point of view it was successful-from this point on, the Muslims were no longer primarily concerned with survival but with expansion and conquest.

This view has been criticized as a " pastoral of fear " by modern historian Jean Delumeau.

An alternative view of these events was proposed by an American historian Stephen Christopher Rowell, where he believes that Gediminas never intended to become a Christian himself, since that would have offended the staunchly pagan inhabitants of Žemaitija and Aukštaitija.

It was around this time that the great Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay began to promulgate what would later be coined the Whig view of history, in which all of English history was seen as leading up to the culminating moment of the passage of Lord Grey's reform bill.

The Russian historian A. S. Mylnikov gives us a very different view of Peter III:

The military historian Victor Davis Hanson shares his view about the battle's macrohistorical placement: