Chromium analysis gave 58.8% Cr as compared with 61.2% theory.

Lincoln adhered to the Whig theory of the presidency, which gave Congress primary responsibility for writing the laws while the Executive enforced them.

In classical Greece, Anaxagoras asserted that a divine reason ( mind ) gave order to the seeds of the universe, and Plato extended the Greek belief of ideal forms to his metaphysical theory of forms ( ideai: ideas ).

* Kanada ( c. 600 BCE ), founded the philosophical school of Vaisheshika, gave theory of atomism

He discovered that the so-called Weil representation, previously introduced in quantum mechanics by Irving Segal and Shale, gave a contemporary framework for understanding the classical theory of quadratic forms.

He gave lectures on category theory in the forests surrounding Hanoi while the city was being bombed, to protest against the Vietnam War ( The Life and Work of Alexander Grothendieck, American Mathematical Monthly, vol.

In 1929, Mojżesz Presburger showed that the theory of natural numbers with addition and equality ( now called Presburger arithmetic in his honor ) is decidable and gave an algorithm that could determine if a given sentence in the language was true or false.

Finally in 1964 – 65, Walter Kohn, Pierre Hohenberg and Lu Jeu Sham proposed the density functional theory which gave realistic descriptions for bulk and surface properties of metals.

Hegel, in his Elements of the Philosophy of Right ( 1820 ), gave it a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural law.

One of the distinguishing characteristics of critical theory, as Adorno and Horkheimer elaborated in their Dialectic of Enlightenment ( 1947 ), is a certain ambivalence concerning the ultimate source or foundation of social domination, an ambivalence which gave rise to the “ pessimism ” of the new critical theory over the possibility of human emancipation and freedom.

Augustin-Jean Fresnel did more definitive studies and calculations of diffraction, made public in 1815 and 1818, and thereby gave great support to the wave theory of light that had been advanced by Christiaan Huygens and reinvigorated by Young, against Newton's particle theory.

In 1827, the German scientist Georg Ohm expressed his law in this famous book " Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet " ( The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically ) in which he gave his complete theory of electricity.

While many mathematicians before Galois gave consideration to what are now known as groups, it was Galois who was the first to use the word group ( in French groupe ) in a sense close to the technical sense that is understood today, making him among the founders of the branch of algebra known as group theory.

Feynman gave a prescription for calculating the amplitude for any given diagram from a field theory Lagrangian-the Feynman rules.

For him, the fact that his theory gave a straightforward explanation of the anomalous perihelion shift of the planet Mercury, discovered earlier by Urbain Le Verrier in 1859, was important evidence that he had at last identified the correct form of the gravitational field equations.

The introduction of probabilistic methods in graph theory, especially in the study of Erdős and Rényi of the asymptotic probability of graph connectivity, gave rise to yet another branch, known as random graph theory, which has been a fruitful source of graph-theoretic results.

In 1922, the Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik gave a distance determination which supported the theory that the Andromeda Nebula is indeed a distant extra-galactic object.

There is a theory that it was Stephenson who indirectly gave the name of Geordies to the people of the North East of England.

His conjectures postulated that there should be a cohomology theory of algebraic varieties which gave number-theoretic information about their defining equations.

Other data gave support for the popular theory of a liquid ocean under the icy surface of Europa.

In 1997, Juan Maldacena gave the first holographic descriptions of a higher dimensional object, the 3 + 1 dimensional type IIB membrane, which resolved a long-standing problem of finding a string description which describes a gauge theory.

This double-barreled inheritance of Wedgwood's money gave Charles Darwin the leisure time to formulate his theory of evolution.

In its defensive formulations, the theory will attack conscious change on the grounds of the independent existence of the community.

She did not believe in the theory of symbiosis proposed by Simon Schwendener, the German mycologist as previously thought, rather she proposed a more independent process of reproduction.

Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting that wartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.

Originally a part of number theory and analysis, it is now considered a part of combinatorics or an independent field.

Ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had an historically independent school of legal theory and practice.

( see figure ) The effect was observed to be independent of parameters such as the system size and impurities, and in 1981, theorist Robert Laughlin proposed a theory describing the integer states in terms of a topological invariant called the Chern number.

The continuum hypothesis, which tries to ascertain the relative cardinality of certain infinite sets, was eventually shown to be undecidable ( or independent ) from the generally accepted set of axioms of set theory.

In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton ( both around 1902 ) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the " Sutton-Boveri Theory " ( the names are sometimes reversed ).

Though in theory subject directly to the pope, these rulers had been practically independent or dependent on other states for generations.

An implication of model theory is that the properties defining a relation can be proved independent of each other ( and hence necessary parts of the definition ) if and only if, for each property, examples can be found of relations not satisfying the given property while satisfying all the other properties.

The approach of computational modeling and the use of robotic agents grounded in real life is claimed to be theory independent.

Philosophers identify independent, logical reasoning as a precondition to most western science, engineering, economic and political theory.

Furthermore, the theory does not contain any invariant geometric background structures, i. e. it is background independent.

Because the diffeomorphism invariance of the theory does not allow any particular space-time background to be singled out as the " true " space-time background, general relativity is said to be background independent.

Whether this theory should be background independent is an open question.

Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, like Newtonian mechanics, assumes the equivalence of all inertial reference frames, but makes an additional assumption, foreign to Newtonian mechanics, namely, that in free space light always is propagated with the speed of light c < sub > 0 </ sub >, a defined value independent of its direction of propagation and its frequency, and also independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.

Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion ; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.

The domino theory principle may indeed explain why a chain of dominoes collapses, but an independent argument is necessary to explain why a similar principle would hold in other circumstances.

This theory was associated with but independent of the term " Limbo of Infants ", which was forged about the year 1300.

Instead of suggesting that the mechanical properties of objects changed with their constant-velocity motion through an undetectable aether, Einstein proposed to deduce the characteristics that any successful theory must possess in order to be consistent with the most basic and firmly established principles, independent of the existence of a hypothetical aether.

Thus materialism has no definite content independent of the particular theory of matter on which it is based.

Because of its applicability in diverse fields of mathematics, mathematicians including Saunders Mac Lane have proposed category theory as a foundational system for mathematics, independent of set theory.