The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as " a motivational state with the goal of increasing another ’ s welfare ".

Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one ’ s own welfare.

One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, " motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one ’ s own life and existence ".

Another way is merely " one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people ’ s business.

* David Firestone-When Romney ’ s Reach Exceeds His Grasp-Mitt Romney quotes the song

" Swift extends the metaphor to get in a few jibes at England ’ s mistreatment of Ireland, noting that " For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Critics differ about Swift ’ s intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy.

Charles K. Smith argues that Swift ’ s rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.

Swift ’ s specific strategy is twofold, using a " trap " to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, " details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty " but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.

Swift ’ s use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator ’ s cool approach towards them create " two opposing points of view " that " alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.

Once the children have been commodified, Swift ’ s rhetoric can easily turn " people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound ".

Swift uses the proposer ’ s serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal.

In making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, text book approved order of argument from Swift ’ s time ( which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian ).

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Johnson notes Swift ’ s obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".

* Pseudo-Constantine Diogenes, an impostor who assumed the identity of another of Romanos ’ sons, Constantine Diogenes.

) In Clement ’ s time some disputes contended over whether Christ assumed the ‘ psychic ’ flesh of mankind as heirs to Adam, or the ‘ spiritual ’ flesh of the resurrection.

When, in 1940, the Liceo was put under state control and turned into the Conservatorio Statale di Musica " Gioachino Rossini ", the corporate body to which Rossini ’ s inheritance had been conveyed, assumed the style of Fondazione G. Rossini.

Though Chrétien ’ s account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert de Boron that the Grail truly became the " Holy Grail " and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers.

The model assumes that there are two “ equally positioned firms ”; the firms compete on the basis of quantity rather than price and each firm makes an “ output decision assuming that the other firm ’ s behavior is fixed .” The market demand curve is assumed to be linear and marginal costs are constant.

Richard ’ s chief biographer, Jean de Toulouse, writes that when Richard died in 1173 he was still young and so it therefore must be assumed that he entered the Order well into its second period of development, near the end of Hugh ’ s life.

" Furthermore the Spectral Irradiance Monitor ( SIM ) has found in the same period that spectral solar irradiance ( SSI ) at UV ( ultraviolet ) wavelength corresponds in a less clear, and probably more complicated fashion, with earth's climate responses than earlier assumed, fueling broad avenues of new research in " the connection of the Sun and stratosphere, troposphere, biosphere, ocean, and Earth ’ s climate ".

In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion, Muenter writing under an assumed name, said he hoped that the detonation would “ make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war .” J. P. Morgan ’ s company served as Great Britain ’ s principal U. S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies.

It is generally assumed that either Bosch ’ s father or one of his uncles taught the artist to paint, but none of their works survive.

From when he assumed leadership of the Reichsmarine in 1928, Raeder ’ s leadership was extremely authoritarian with no tolerance extended to those whose views differed from his.

Calhoun ’ s assumed that with the establishment of a concurrent majority, interest groups would influence their own representatives sufficiently to have a voice in public affairs ; the representatives would perform strictly as high-minded public servants.

They assumed the volatiles had been trapped in the form of hydrates and incorporated in the planetesimals flying in the protoplanets ’ feeding zones.

Thus, in Keith Petersen ’ s words, “ teachers assumed responsibility for shaping a district's entire educational policy .”

" Both Jensen and Springarn were also confused " by the film ’ s Reconstruction setting, states Jim Hill Media, writing that “ It was something that also confused other reviewers who from the tone of the film and the type of similar recent Hollywood movies Jezebel ( film ) | Jezebel assumed it must also be set during the time of slavery .” Based on the Jensen and Springarn memos, White released the “ official position ” of the NAACP in a telegram that was widely quoted in newspapers.

Cleopatra uses language to undermine Antony ’ s assumed authority over her.

By 2002, when Phillips suffered from the onset of Alzheimer ’ s disease, her daughter Jeanne had assumed all the writing responsibilities of Dear Abby.

The merged team continued as the Minnesota North Stars, but assumed the Barons ’ place in the Adams Division.

The historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio depict an overweening, even domineering dowager, ready to interfere in Tiberius ’ decisions, the most notable instances being the case of Urgulania ( grandmother of Claudius's first wife Plautia Urgulanilla ), a woman who correctly assumed that her friendship with the empress placed her above the law, and Munatia Plancina, suspected of murdering Germanicus and saved at Livia's entreaty.

On Cyrus ’ s death Clearchus assumed the chief command and conducted the retreat, until, being treacherously seized with his fellow-generals by Tissaphernes, he was handed over to Artaxerxes and executed.

Colophon from an Incunable | incunabulum of the Historiae Adversus Paganos by Paulus Orosius, one of the most copied books from the Medieval period. The assumed falling out of Paulus Orosius and Saint Augustine at the end of the former ’ s life does not seem to have had a negative effect on the distribution and impact of his Histories.

Consequently, the dates of Pygmalion have always been computed based on the date calculated for Dido ’ s flight, which was assumed to take place in the same that she founded Carthage.

In recognition of his contribution to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention signed in 1881 established the ampere as a standard unit of electrical measurement, along with the coulomb, volt, ohm, and watt, which are named, respectively, after Ampère ’ s contemporaries Charles-Augustin de Coulomb of France, Alessandro Volta of Italy, Georg Ohm of Germany, and James Watt of Scotland.

In particular, ECMWF ’ s emphasis on the provision of reliable predictions of severe weather can be seen as a key contribution to help society adapt to the dangers and threats associated with global warming.

Director / actor John Cassavetes contemplating Capra ’ s contribution to the art of film quipped: “ Maybe there really wasn ’ t an America, it was only Frank Capra .” Capra ’ s films were his love letters to an idealized America — a cinematic landscape of his own invention.

Despite his revolutionary rhetoric, Goebbels ’ most important contribution to the Nazi cause between 1930 and 1933 was as the organizer of successive election campaigns: The Reichstag elections of September 1930, July and November 1932 and March 1933, and Hitler ’ s presidential campaign of March – April 1932.

In 1954 the Groupement Tactique Régimentaire ( GTR ), ( Regimental Tactical Group ) was established as Luxembourg ’ s contribution to NATO and consisted of three Infantry Battalions, an Artillery Battalion, a Services Company, a Medical Company, a Transport Company, a Signals Company, a Company of Engineers, a Heavy Mortar Company, a Reconnaissance Company and a Headquarters Company.

# Sourcing Mass Media News: Herman and Chomsky argue that “ the large bureaucracies of the powerful subsidize the mass media, and gain special access the news, by their contribution to reducing the media ’ s costs of acquiring [...] and producing, news.

During the War of 1812, Nova Scotia ’ s contribution to the war effort was communities either purchasing or building various privateer ships to lay siege to American vessels.

Given the importance of Nietzsche ’ s contribution to the topic of nihilism, Heidegger's influential interpretation of Nietzsche is important for the historical development of the term nihilism.

Edmund Bergler ’ s first contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of homosexuality was “ Der Mammakomplex des Mannes “, an article co-authored with L. Eidelberg and published in the Internationale Zeitschrift fuer Psychoanalyse in 1933.

Durban University of Technology has acknowledged Steve Biko ’ s contribution to South African Society by naming its largest campus after him.

Bruce E. Wright claims that “ this was a crucial contribution from Fonseca ’ s work that set the template for FSLN governance during the revolutionary years and beyond.

In the early 2000s, the contribution of Turkmenistan ’ s state-run agriculture sector to gross domestic product increased under close state supervision.

UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, to maximize tourism ’ s socio-economic contribution while minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ), geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development.

The same reviewer in The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music sums up the band ’ s 1970s contribution as “ one of the most inventive, original and genuinely exciting groups to emerge during the punk era ”.

* The foremost contribution, which is the raison d ’ etre for Moore's law, is the invention of the integrated circuit itself, credited contemporaneously to Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Intel.

Maskelyne ’ s first contribution to astronomical literature was A Proposal for Discovering the Annual Parallax of Sirius, published in 1760.

The animal mesomeres of P. flava go on to give rise to the larva ’ s ectoderm, animal blastomeres also appear to give rise to these structures though the exact contribution varies from embryo to embryo.

Examples of defined contribution pension schemes in other countries are, the UK ’ s personal pensions and proposed National Employment Savings Trust ( NEST ), Germany ’ s Riester plans, Australia ’ s Superannuation system and New Zealand ’ s KiwiSaver scheme.

Tchaikovsky ’ s contribution to the genre is a series of Variations on a Rococo Theme.