The name Ahasuerus is equivalent to Xerxes, both deriving from the Persian Khshayārsha, thus Ahasuerus is usually identified as Xerxes I ( 486-465 BCE ), though Ahasuerus is identified as Artaxerxes in the later Greek version of Esther ( as well as by Josephus, the Jewish commentary Esther Rabbah, the Ethiopic translation and the Christian theologian Bar-Hebraeus who identified him more precisely as Artaxerxes II ).

According to Christian theologian Alister McGrath, the Jewish Christians affirmed every aspect of then contemporary Second Temple Judaism with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the messiah, with Isaiah 49: 6, " an explicit parallel to 42: 6 " quoted by Paul in Acts 13: 47 and reinterpreted by Justin the Martyr.

American theologian Edgar Goodspeed notes, " But the writer's Judaism is not actual and objective, but literary and academic, manifestly gained from the reading of the Septuagint Greek version of the Jewish scriptures, and his polished Greek style would be a strange vehicle for a message to Aramaic-speaking Jews or Christians of Jewish blood.

According to theologian John Barclay, the Moses of Artapanus " clearly bears the destiny of the Jews, and in his personal, cultural and military splendor, brings credit to the whole Jewish people.

While mainstream Rabbinic Judaism is classically monotheistic and follows in the footsteps of the Aristotelian theologian Maimonides, the panentheistic conception of God can be found in certain Jewish mystical currents.

In 1998, Jewish theologian Zachary Braiterman coined the term anti-theodicy in his book ( God ) After Auschwitz to describe Jews, both in a Biblical and post-Holocaust context, whose response to the problem of evil is protest and refusal to investigate the relationship between God and suffering.

Philoponus ' arguments against an infinite past were used by the early Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

* Aaron Halle-Wolfssohn, German writer, Jewish theologian, translator, and professor

* Joseph Perl, German writer, Jewish theologian, and educator

In contrast to the theology held by other Jewish thinkers, Jewish theologian Louis Jacobs argues, Gersonides held that God does not have complete foreknowledge of human acts.

* William E. Kaufman, Conservative rabbi and Jewish theologian

* Rabbi Dr. Shalom Carmy-professor of Jewish Studies and Philosophy at Yeshiva University ; a prominent Modern Orthodox theologian and student of The Rav

A well-respected theologian and sought after lecturer, he was recognized by the Orthodox Union for his enormous impact on Jewish life.

Little known is that Sa ' adya traveled to Tiberias in 915CE to study with Abū ' l-Kathīr Yaḥyā ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Katib al-Tabari ( Tiberias )-a Jewish theologian and Bible translator from Tiberias whose main claim to fame is the fact that Saʿadya Gaon studied with him at some point.

He is not mentioned in any Jewish source, and apart from the Andalusian heresiographer and polemicist Ibn Ḥazm, who mentions him as a Jewish mutakallim ( rational theologian ), our main source of information is Kitāb al-Tanbīh by the Muslim historian al-Masʿūdī ( d. 956 ).

However, the most sophisticated medieval arguments against an infinite past were developed by the Islamic philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Islamic theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

His reasoning was adopted by many, most notably ; Muslim philosopher, Al-Kindi ( Alkindus ); the Jewish philosopher, Saadia Gaon ( Saadia ben Joseph ); and the Muslim theologian, Al-Ghazali ( Algazel ).

Based on these statements, some rabbis theorized that, in the words of Nethanel ibn Fayyumi, a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century, " God permitted to every people something he forbade to others ...< nowiki ></ nowiki > God sends a prophet to every people according to their own language.

This belief was in some ways similar to Gnostic Christian theology ; notably, both are dualistic, that is, they posit opposing gods, forces, or principles: one higher, spiritual, and " good ", and the other lower, material, and " evil " ( compare Manichaeism ), in contrast to the orthodox Christian view that " evil " has no independent existence, but is a privation or lack of " good ", a view shared by the eminent Jewish theologian Moses Maimonides.

The writings of Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas frequently cite those of the Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides, as well as Muslim thinker Averoes (' Ibn-Rushd ).

The Centre is associated with the Children of Abraham Institute founded by Jewish theologian Peter Ochs.

Abba Arikka ( 175 – 247 ) ( Talmudic Aramaic: ; born: Abba bar Aybo, Hebrew: רבי אבא בר איבו ) was a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Sassanid Babylonia, known as an amora ( commentator on the Oral Law ) of the 3rd century who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud.

The three volumes of this work are a study of classical rabbinic theology and aggadah, as opposed to halakha ( Jewish law.

The combined book Ezra-Nehemiah of the earliest Christian and Jewish period was known as Ezra and was probably attributed to him ; according to a rabbinic tradition, however, Nehemiah was the real author but was forbidden to claim authorship because of his bad habit of disparaging others.

Examining Jewish history and rabbinic literature through the lens of academic criticism, Conservative Judaism believes that halakha has always evolved to meet the changing realities of Jewish life, and that it must continue to do so in the modern age.

Siegel believed such change could occur when halakhah and aggadah, the wealth of non-legalistic rabbinic literature that included lessons on Jewish morals, values, and ethics, came into conflict.

In the rabbinic literatures of the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah, the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called Garden in Eden.

Halakha constitutes the practical application of the 613 mitzvot (" commandments ", singular: mitzvah ) in the Torah, ( the five books of Moses, the " Written Law ") as developed through discussion and debate in the classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud ( the " Oral law "), and as codified in the Mishneh Torah or Shulchan Aruch ( the Jewish " Code of Law ".

Broadly, the Halakha comprises the practical application of the commandments ( each one known as a mitzvah ) in the Torah, as developed in subsequent rabbinic literature ; see The Mitzvot and Jewish Law.

Hermeneutics is the study of rules for the exact determination of the meaning of a text ; it played a notable role in early rabbinic Jewish discussion.

Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism both hold that modern views of how the Torah and rabbinic law developed imply that the body of rabbinic Jewish law is no longer normative ( seen as binding ) on Jews today.

Halakha, the rabbinic Jewish way of life, then, is based on a combined reading of the Torah, and the oral tradition-the Mishnah, the halakhic Midrash, the Talmud and its commentaries.

* Conservative Judaism, known as Masorti outside the United States and Canada, is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs, including observance of Shabbat and kashrut, a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith, a positive attitude toward modern culture, and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts.

In rabbinic Jewish literature Joshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man.

Classical rabbinic Jewish sources do not specifically mention that homosexual attraction is inherently sinful.

When Steven Greenberg, who received Orthodox rabbinic ordination, publicly announced that he was homosexual, there was a significant response from rabbis of all denominations reported in the Jewish newspapers.

Born in Hartford, Connecticut, Neusner was educated at Harvard University, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America ( where he received rabbinic ordination ), the University of Oxford, and Columbia University.

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud.

Since Late Antiquity, once attributed to a Council of Jamnia, mainstream rabbinic Judaism rejected the Septuagint as valid Jewish scriptural texts.

See, for instance, the rabbinic category of Damages ( Jewish law ) ( note though that while a few aspects of this law are incorporated into Israeli law, tort law in Israel is technically similar to English tort law-as enacted by British Mandate of Palestine authorities in 1944 and taking effect in 1947, a year before Israel became a state ).

There are people of religions besides Judaism, or even those without religious affiliation, who delve in the Zohar out of curiosity, or as a technology for people who are seeking meaningful and practical answers about the meaning of their lives, the purpose of creation and existence and their relationships with the laws of nature, and so forth ; however from the perspective of traditional, rabbinic Judaism, and by the Zohar's own statements, the purpose of the Zohar is to help the Jewish people through and out of the Exile and to infuse the Torah and mitzvot ( Judaic commandments ) with the wisdom of Kabbalah for its Jewish readers.