However, in that decade, progressive reformers such as Alcott, influenced by Pestalozzi as well as Friedrich Fröbel and Johann Friedrich Herbart, began to advocate writing about subjects from students ' personal experiences.

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Franz Schubert is also something of a transitional figure, as are Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Mauro Giuliani, Friedrich Kuhlau, Fernando Sor, Luigi Cherubini, Jan Ladislav Dussek, and Carl Maria von Weber.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

The species name troglodytes, Greek for " cave-dweller ", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis humani varietate nativa liber (" on the natural varieties of the human genus ") published in 1776, This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before ( it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page ) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only, thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.

* 1774 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer and organist ( b. 1720 )

* 1765 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( d. 1825 )

The Imperial cartographer Johann Friedrich Endersch completed a map of Warmia () in 1755 and also made a copper etching of the galley named " The City of Elbląg " ().

In Germany, there was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers ( 1774 ) ( The Sorrows of Young Werther ) and Friedrich Hölderlin's Hyperion.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

* 1500 – Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt.

There, he received a liberal education at the Lyceum, and Karl J. Windischmann drew his attention to the languages and literature of the East ( Windischmann, along with Georg Friedrich Creuzer, Johann Joseph von Görres, and the brothers Schlegel, expressed great enthusiasm for Indian wisdom and philosophy ).

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths ( 1759 – 1839 ) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn ( 1778 – 1852 ) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics.

Handel and his father travelled to Weissenfels to visit either Handel's half-brother, Carl, or nephew, Georg Christian, who was serving as valet to Duke Johann Adolf I. Handel and the duke convinced his father to allow him to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard technique from Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the organist of Halle's Marienkirche.

Bach, Franz Benda, Johann Friedrich Agricola, and others.

Bach in Leipzig, such as Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich Agricola, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Leipzig ( Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen and Johann Georg Pisendel ), composers of the Berlin lieder school, and finally, his numerous pupils, none of whom, however, became major composers.

Weimar ’ s Courtyard of the Muses, a tribute to The Enlightenment and the Weimar Classicism depicting German poets Friedrich Schiller | Schiller, Christoph Martin Wieland | Wieland, Johann Gottfried Herder | Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Goethe.

* 1752 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist ( d. 1840 )

It was independently described as Ornithorhynchus paradoxus by Johann Blumenbach in 1800 ( from a specimen given to him by Sir Joseph Banks ) and following the rules of priority of nomenclature it was later officially recognised as Ornithorhynchus anatinus.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 1752 – 1840 ) of Göttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls.

In 1809 Cuvier published a somewhat longer description, naming the animal, in which he refuted a hypothesis by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach that it would have been a shore bird.

The 1775 treatise " The Natural Varieties of Mankind ," by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race ( later termed the Negroid race ), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races.

* May 11 – Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, German anthropologist ( d. 1840 )

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800.

At Göttingen he studied Plato with Arnold Heeren ; history with Heeren and Gottlieb Jakob Planck ; Arabic, Hebrew, New Testament Greek and scripture interpretation with Albert Eichhorn ; natural science with Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ; German literature with Georg Friedrich Benecke ; French and Italian literature with Artaud and Bunsen ; and classics with Georg Ludolf Dissen.

His Lettres sur l ' histoire physique de la terre ( Paris, 1798 ), addressed to Professor Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, contains an essay on the existence of a General Principle of Morality.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach established epigenesis as the model of thought in the life sciences in 1781 with his publication of Über den Bildungstrieb und das Zeugungsgeschäfte.

After studying in Leipzig and at the University of Göttingen he visited England in the summer of 1806, carrying a letter of introduction from the naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach to Sir Joseph Banks, who, with the other members of the African Association, accepted his offer in 1809 to launch an expedition to discover the source of the River Niger.

* Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, influential German naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist and physiologist

Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his Manual of Natural History ( 1779 ), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana ( four-handed, i. e. apes and monkeys ) and Bimana ( two-handed, i. e. humans ).

On the topic of race, the Ethnological Society retained views descending from Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who had a five-race theory but was a monogenist, and from Prichard.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( 11 May 1752 – 22 January 1840 ) was a German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was born at his house in Gotha, studied medicine at Jena, and then Göttingen.

Though Blumenbach left no overt indications of sources for his theory of biological revolution, his ideas harmonize with those of Bonnet and especially with those of his contemporary Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 – 1803 ), and it was Herder whose ideas were influenced by Blumenbach.

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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Germany | German artist known for his works of poetry, drama, prose, philosophy, visual arts, and science.

Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishopric of Augsburg | Prince-Bishop of Augsburg.

Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz | Crantz's Classis cruciformium, 1769

Woodcut illustration of Cassandra's prophecy of the fall of Troy ( at left ) and her death ( at right ), from an incunable German translation by Heinrich Steinhowel | Heinrich Steinhöwel of Giovanni Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris, printed by Johann Zainer at Ulm ca.

Large five-octave unfretted clavichord by Paul Maurici, after Johann Adolph Hass | J. A.

Image: Grabplatte Johann Wauer Hochkirch. jpg | Lengthy epitaph for Johann Wauer a ( German pastor ), died 1728, concluding with a short Biblical quotation

Tombs of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and his wife Johanna Marie,: de: Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden | Dorotheenstaedtischer Friedhof ( cemetery ), Berlin

056. jpg | Portrait of a Saxon Prince possibly of George of Saxony's son Johann .< ref >

Hector Admonishes Paris for His Softness and Exhorts Him to Go to War by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein | J. H. W.

File: Goethe ( Stieler 1828 ). jpg | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749 – 1832 )

Huns in battle with the Alans, 1870s engraving after a drawing by Peter Johann Nepomuk Geiger | Johann Nepomuk Geiger ( 1805 – 1880 ).

Hand-written musical notation by Johann Sebastian Bach | J. S. Bach: beginning of the Prelude from the Suite for Lute in G minor BWV 995 ( transcription of Cello Suite No. 5, BWV 1011 ) BR Bruxelles II.

The Batuque ( music ) | Batuque practiced in Brazil of the 19th century, in a painting by Johann Moritz Rugendas