At the same time, the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey, whose work formed the basis for the " culture concept ," which is central to the discipline.

Alcott also wrote a series patterned after the work of German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe which were eventually published in the Transcendentalists ' journal, The Dial.

His musical theory training in harmony and counterpoint was rooted in Johann Fux's Gradus ad Parnassum, which Salieri translated during each Latin lesson.

His few remaining masses ( the story of his having composed two hundred is hardly credible ) and church music in general are comparatively unimportant, except the great St Cecilia Mass ( 1721 ), which is one of the first attempts at the style which reached its height in the great masses of Johann Sebastian Bach and Beethoven.

The planet Neptune was discovered in Capricornus by German astronomer Johann Galle, near Deneb Algedi ( δ Capricorni ) on September 23, 1846, which is appropriate as Capricornus can be seen best from Europe at 4: 00am in September.

Many of the views which directed Leadbeater's understanding of the chakras were influenced by previous theosophist authors, in particular Johann Georg Gichtel, a disciple of Jakob Böhme, and his book Theosophia Practica ( 1696 ), in which Gitchtel directly refers to inner force centers, a concept reminiscent of the chakras.

British navigator Captain James Cook arrived in 1773 and 1777 ; Cook named the islands the ' Hervey Islands ' to honour a British Lord of the Admiralty ; Half a century later the Baltic German Admiral Adam Johann von Krusenstern published the Atlas de l ' Ocean Pacifique, in which he renamed the islands the Cook Islands to honour Cook.

Diderot's Essais sur la peinture was described by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as " a magnificent work, which speaks even more helpfully to the poet than to the painter, though to the painter too it is as a blazing torch.

Bassist Johann Hindle ( 1792 – 1862 ), who composed a concerto for the double bass, pioneered tuning the bass in fourths, which marked a turning point for the double bass and its role in solo works.

Hydrothermal synthetic emeralds have been attributed to IG Farben, Nacken, Tairus, and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of Johann Lechleitner of Innsbruck, Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s.

The effect of gravity on light was then explored by Johann Georg von Soldner ( 1801 ), who calculated the amount of deflection of a light ray by the sun, arriving at the Newtonian answer which is half the value predicted by general relativity.

Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme, Philipp Jakob Spener, Johann Heinrich Jung, and Emanuel Swedenborg, among others, and later wrote Thoughts on the Destiny of Man, published in German in 1824 and in English a year later, in which he outlined his ideas and philosophy.

" In the works of authors like Clemens Timpler of Heidelberg and Steinfurt, Bartolomaeus Keckermann of Heidelberg and Danzig, and Johann Heinrich Alsted of Herborn there appeared a new, unified vision of the encyclopaedia of the scientific disciplines in which ontology had the role of assigning to each of the particular sciences its proper domain.

1844 ), the success of which led to his being invited to Berlin by Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1772 for the purpose of computing ephemerides on an improved plan.

He was a master of counterpoint, the complex and highly disciplined art for which Johann Sebastian Bach is famous, and of development, a compositional ethos pioneered by Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.

The passenger manifest of the S. S. Rotterdam, which arrived in New York on 26 January 1905, lists Peter Weissmüller, a 29-year-old laborer, his 24-year-old wife Elisabeth, and seven-month-old Johann.

Karl Benz was born Karl Friedrich Michael Vaillant, in Karlsruhe, Baden, which is part of modern Germany, to Josephine Vaillant and a locomotive driver, Johann George Benz, whom she married a few months later.

This theoretical framework was initially derived from the work of Gregor Johann Mendel published in 1865 and 1866 which was re-discovered in 1900 ; it was initially very controversial.

The nation state received a philosophical underpinning in the era of Romanticism, at first as the ' natural ' expression of the individual peoples ( romantic nationalism: see Johann Gottlieb Fichte's conception of the Volk, which would be later opposed by Ernest Renan ).

Piano-making flourished during the late 18th century in the Viennese school, which included Johann Andreas Stein ( who worked in Augsburg, Germany ) and the Viennese makers Nannette Streicher ( daughter of Stein ) and Anton Walter.

In 1896, theologian J. H. Worman identified seven categories of pantheism: Mechanical or materialistic ( God the mechanical unity of existence ); Ontological ( abstract unity, Spinoza ); Dynamic ; Psychical ( God is the soul of the world ); Ethical ( God is the universal moral order, Johann Gottlieb Fichte ); Logical ( Hegel ); and Pure ( absorption of God into nature, which Worman equates with atheism ).

In 1838 Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet came up with his own approximating function, the logarithmic integral li ( x ) ( under the slightly different form of a series, which he communicated to Gauss ).

In a handwritten note on a reprint of his 1838 paper " Sur l ' usage des séries infinies dans la théorie des nombres ", which he mailed to Carl Friedrich Gauss, Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet conjectured ( under a slightly different form appealing to a series rather than an integral ) that an even better approximation to π ( x ) is given by the offset logarithmic integral function Li ( x ), defined by

The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.

Therefore it was a major landmark when in 1865 Johann Josef Loschmidt measured the size of the molecules that make up air.

Aventinus, whose name was real name is Johann or Johannes Turmair ( Aventinus being the Latin name of his birthplace ) wrote the Annals of Bavaria, a valuable record of the early history of Germany and the first major written work on the subject.

This close approximation to the modern value of − 273. 15 ° C for the zero of the air-thermometer was further improved upon in 1779 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, who observed that − 270 ° C might be regarded as absolute cold.

From 1847 he was engaged in editing the Handwörterbuch der reinen und angewandten Chemie ( Dictionary of Pure and Applied Chemistry ) edited by Justus von Liebig, Wöhler, and Johann Christian Poggendorff, and he also wrote an important textbook.

After its introduction on Plancius's globe, the first known depiction of the constellation in a celestial atlas was in Johann Bayer's Uranometria of 1603, where it was called " Apis Indica ".

), Moritz Count von Dietrichstein, Heinrich Eduard Josef Baron von Lannoy, Ignaz Franz Baron von Mosel, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ignaz Moscheles, and the eight-year-old Franz Liszt ( although it seems Liszt was not invited personally, but his teacher Czerny arranged for him to be involved ).

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

Antares B can be observed with a small telescope for a few seconds during lunar occultations while Antares itself is hidden by the Moon ; it was discovered by Johann Tobias Bürg during one such occultation on April 13, 1819.

Anthony ( Dresden, 27 December 1755 – Dresden, 6 June 1836 ), also known by his German name Anton ( full name: Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xavier Aloys Januar ), was a King of Saxony ( 1827 – 1836 ) from the House of Wettin.

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be alloyed with copper to make brass ; a process known as speltering and by 1657 the German chemist Johann Glauber had recognised that calamine was " nothing else but unmeltable zinc " and that zinc was a " half ripe metal.

Scholars of ballads are often divided into two camps, the ‘ communalists ’ who, following the line established by the German scholar Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 – 1803 ) and the Brothers Grimm, argue that ballads arose by a combined communal effort and did not have a single author, and ‘ individualists ’, following the thinking of English collector Cecil Sharp, who assert that there was a single original author.

At the same time the new craft of printing was introduced to Basel by apprentices of Johann Gutenberg.

Johann Froben also operated his printing house in Basel and was notable for publishing works by Erasmus.

In 1544, Johann von Brugge a rich Dutch Protestant refugee was given citizenship and lived respectfully until his death in 1556 then buried with honors.

Somewhat younger than the others, though equally accomplished because of his youthful study under Mozart and his native virtuosity, was Johann Nepomuk Hummel.

He was soon appointed chief of staff of Johann von Thielmann's III Corps.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

The phlogiston theory was proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher.