Lavoisier's explanation of combustion disproved the phlogiston theory, which postulated that materials released a substance called phlogiston when they burned.

In " Réflexions sur le phlogistique " (" Reflections on Phlogiston ," 1783 ), Lavoisier showed the phlogiston theory to be inconsistent.

He established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature which held that oxygen was an essential constituent of all acids ( which later turned out to be erroneous ).

Lavoisier established the consistent use of the chemical balance, used oxygen to overthrow the phlogiston theory, and developed a new system of chemical nomenclature and made contribution to the modern metric system.

The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.

The alchemist and physician J. J. Becher proposed the phlogiston theory

The phlogiston theory ( from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόν phlogistón " burning up ", from φλόξ phlóx " flame "), first stated in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher, is an obsolete scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called " phlogiston ", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.

In 1667, Johann Joachim Becher published his Physical Education, which was the first mention of what would become the phlogiston theory.

In 1703 Georg Ernst Stahl, professor of medicine and chemistry at Halle, proposed a variant of the theory in which he renamed Becher's terra pinguis to phlogiston, and it was in this form that the theory probably had its greatest influence.

Mikhail Lomonosov attempted to repeat Robert Boyle's celebrated experiment in 1753 and concluded that the phlogiston theory was false.

Also, the theory that phlogiston is a substance released from burning and rusting material was eliminated with the new understanding of the reactivity of oxygen.

* 1694 – 1734 – Georg Ernst Stahl names Becher's combustible earth as phlogiston and develops the theory

* 1772 – Black's student Daniel Rutherford discovers nitrogen, which he calls phlogisticated air, and together they explain the results in terms of the phlogiston theory

* 1783 – Antoine Lavoisier discovers oxygen and develops an explanation for combustion ; in his paper " Réflexions sur le phlogistique ", he deprecates the phlogiston theory and proposes a caloric theory

By the time he was a teenager, Scheele had learned the dominant theory of gases in the 1770s, the phlogiston theory.

When Scheele discovered oxygen he called it " fire air " because it supported combustion, but he explained oxygen using phlogistical terms because he did not believe that his discovery disproved the phlogiston theory.

However, his first publication, A Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire, was not released until 1777, at which time both Joseph Priestley and Lavoisier had already published their experimental data and conclusions concerning oxygen and the phlogiston theory.

It postulated the existence of a fire-like element called " phlogiston ", which was contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.

" Phlogisticated " substances are those that contain phlogiston and are " dephlogisticated " when burned ; " in general, substances that burned in air were said to be rich in phlogiston ; the fact that combustion soon ceased in an enclosed space was taken as clear-cut evidence that air had the capacity to absorb only a definite amount of phlogiston.

When air had become completely phlogisticated it would no longer serve to support combustion of any material, nor would a metal heated in it yield a calx ; nor could phlogisticated air support life, for the role of air in respiration was to remove the phlogiston from the body.

Thus, phlogiston was described in a way that was basically the opposite of the role of oxygen in combustion.

The residue of air left after burning, in fact a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, was sometimes referred to as " phlogisticated air ", having taken up all of the phlogiston.

Conversely, when oxygen was first discovered it was thought to be " dephlogisticated air ", capable of combining with more phlogiston and thus supporting combustion for longer than ordinary air.

Some phlogiston proponents explained this by concluding that phlogiston had negative weight ; others, such as Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, gave the more conventional argument that it was lighter than air.

During the eighteenth century, as it became clear that metals gained weight when they were oxidized, phlogiston was increasingly regarded as a principle rather than a material substance.

By the end of the eighteenth century, for the few chemists who still used the term phlogiston, the concept was linked to hydrogen.

* Our common-sense understanding of belief is entirely wrong and will be completely superseded by a radically different theory that will have no use for the concept of belief as we know it-Known as eliminativism, this view, ( most notably proposed by Paul and Patricia Churchland ), argues that the concept of belief is like obsolete theories of times past such as the four humours theory of medicine, or the phlogiston theory of combustion.

In his paper " Réflexions sur le phlogistique " ( 1783 ), Lavoisier argued that phlogiston theory was inconsistent with his experimental results, and proposed a ' subtle fluid ' called caloric as the substance of heat.

He next published a paper on the production of water by burning inflammable air ( that is, hydrogen ) in dephlogisticated air ( now known to be oxygen ), the latter a constituent of atmospheric air ( phlogiston theory ).

Information is, by whatever mechanism, the phlogiston of said change, providing its vital energies.

* Mikhail Lomonosov disproves the phlogiston theory of combustion and pioneers the study of oxidation by converting tin to stannic oxide.

In some cases a theory or idea is found to be baseless and is simply discarded: for example, the phlogiston theory was entirely replaced by the quite different concept of energy and related laws.

* Caloric theory – Lavoisier's successor to phlogiston, discredited by Rumford's and Joule's work

Johann Joachim Becher ( 6 May 1635 – October 1682 ) was a German physician, alchemist, precursor of chemistry, scholar and adventurer, best known for his development of the phlogiston theory of combustion, and his advancement of Austrian cameralism.

In chemistry he is chiefly remembered in part with the obsolete phlogiston theory, the essentials of which, however, he owed to J. J. Becher.

After J. J. Becher and Georg Ernst Stahl introduced the phlogiston theory of combustion in the 17th century, phlogiston was thought to be the substance of heat.

Antoine Lavoisier's famous phlogiston experiment.

It presented a unified view of new theories of chemistry, contained a clear statement of the law of of mass, and denied the existence of phlogiston.

Eventually, quantitative experiments revealed problems, including the fact that some metals, such as magnesium, gained weight when they burned, even though they were supposed to have lost phlogiston.

That such deficiencies existed within Ptolemy's theory was not discovered de novo by Copernicus.

A credulousness, a distaste for documentation, an uncritical reliance on contemporary accounts, and a proneness to assume a theory as true before adequate proof was provided were all evidences of his failure to comprehend the use of the scientific method or to evaluate the responsibilities of the historian to his reading public.

J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

that theory was and is sound.

He proposed a fresh theory of alkalis which later was accepted in chemical practices.

It was not always easy to develop theory and doctrine which would square the two conditions.

In this connection, it might be noted that the theory of games was a mathematical discovery long before its uses in political science were exploited.

To find a place for them in their theory of knowledge would require them to revise the theory radically, and yet that theory was what they regarded as their most important discovery.

On the theory before us, such relief would be groundless, for in that suffering itself there was nothing bad at all, and hence in its nonoccurrence there would be nothing to be relieved about.

In these circumstances, since what was expressed by the remark when first made is, on the theory before us, simply absent, the remark now expresses nothing.

( P. 215 ) when corporate abuses were attacked, it was done on the theory that criminal penalties would be invoked rather than control.

Lincoln stated Douglas's popular sovereignty theory was a threat to the nation's morality and that Douglas represented a conspiracy to extend slavery to free states.

During the 1670s corpuscularianism was used by Isaac Newton in his development of the corpuscular theory of light.

( Despite common belief, he did not take a day from February ; see the debunked theory on month lengths ) According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs, including the conquest of Egypt.

" Karpov acknowledged that his understanding of chess theory was very confused at that time, and wrote later that the homework which Botvinnik assigned greatly helped him, since it required that he consult chess books and work diligently.

" The first well-known version of anarcho-capitalism was formulated by Austrian School economist and libertarian Murray Rothbard in the mid-twentieth century, synthesizing elements from the Austrian School of economics, classical liberalism, and nineteenth century American individualist anarchists Lysander Spooner and Benjamin Tucker ( rejecting their labor theory of value and the normative implications they derived from it ).

The prime evidence for this theory was provided by a descendant of Clarke.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

Jardine insisted that the tactic was legitimate and called it " leg theory " but it was widely disparaged by its opponents, who dubbed it " Bodyline " ( from " on the line of the body ").

Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han Dynasty, whose greatest thinker was Dong Zhongshu, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements.

At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about Laozi, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to Buddha.