In 1992, Joseph Nicolosi, Charles Socarides, and Benjamin Kaufman founded the National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality ( NARTH ), a mental health organization that opposes the mainstream medical view of homosexuality and aims to " make effective psychological therapy available to all homosexual men and women who seek change.

Reparative therapy has been used as a synonym for conversion therapy generally, but Jack Drescher has argued that strictly speaking it refers to a specific kind of therapy associated with Elizabeth Moberly and Joseph Nicolosi.

" NARTH was founded in 1992 by Joseph Nicolosi, Benjamin Kaufman, and Charles Socarides.

* George Lucas Selects Award-Star Wars Retold ; Joseph Nicolosi, director

Following Lenin's forced departure due to ill health, a power struggle began, which involved Nikolai Bukharin, Lev Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Joseph Stalin, Mikhail Tomsky, Leon Trotsky and Grigory Zinoviev.

During the McCarthy Era in 1947, when US Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin claimed that the federal government and other institutions were riddled with Communists, the US House began hearings about purported communist influence in Hollywood.

Joseph Ileo was chosen as the new prime minister and began trying to form a new government.

This committee of Presiding Elders, consisting of Joseph Smith, Jr., Oliver Cowdery, Sidney Rigdon, and Frederick G. Williams, began to review and revise numerous revelations for inclusion in the new work.

That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the League of Nations ( 1933 ), rejected the Versailles Treaty and began to re-arm ( 1935 ), won back the Saar ( 1935 ), remilitarized the Rhineland ( 1936 ), formed an alliance (" axis ") with Mussolini's Italy ( 1936 ), sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War ( 1936 – 39 ), seized Austria ( 1938 ), took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French appeasement of the Munich Agreement of 1938, formed a peace pact with Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union in August 1939, and finally invaded Poland in September 1939.

The British historian Joseph Needham and the American historian Robert Temple write that the practice of inoculation for smallpox began in China during the 10th century.

He later worked for Joseph Bramah on the production of metal locks, and soon after he began working on his own.

The Colts also began to release their veteran players from the Manning era including Joseph Addai, Dallas Clark and Gary Brackett.

He began forming a close relationship with his maternal uncle, the influential Judge Joseph Jones, who had been educated at the Inns of Court in London and was the executor of his father's estate.

Seeing this, the half brothers began to hate Joseph.

Then Joseph began to have dreams that implied that his family would bow down to him.

In 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac began its Peninsula Campaign against Richmond, Virginia, and Stuart's cavalry brigade assisted Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army as it withdrew up the Virginia Peninsula in the face of superior numbers.

Mormons () are a religious and cultural group related to Mormonism, the principal branch of the Latter Day Saint movement, which began with the visions of Joseph Smith in upstate New York during the 1820s.

The flight of the non-treaty Nez Perce began on June 15, 1877 with Chief Joseph, Looking Glass, White Bird, Ollokot, Lean Elk ( Poker Joe ) and Toohoolhoolzote leading 800 men, women and children in an attempt to reach a peaceful sanctuary.

In the area of Green Bay, Wisconsin, Joseph René Vilatte began working with Catholics of Belgian ancestry and with the knowledge and blessing of the Union of Utrecht and under the full jurisdiction of the local Episcopal Bishop of Fond du Lac, WI — See C. B.

Under the guidance of psychologist William McDougall, and with the help of others in the department — including psychologists Karl Zener, Joseph B. Rhine, and Louisa E. Rhine — laboratory ESP experiments using volunteer subjects from the undergraduate student body began.

The German physician Franz Joseph Gall ( 1758 – 1828 ) in 1796 began lecturing on organology, the isolation of mental faculties and later cranioscopy, which was the reading of the bumps on the skull that were supposedly created by the brain organs.

" Germain obtained the lecture notes and began sending her work to Joseph Louis Lagrange, a faculty member.

Before the 1974 season began, the Padres were on the verge of being sold to Joseph Danzansky, who was planning to move the franchise to Washington, D. C. by the beginning of the 1974 season.

William Joseph Hammer, a consulting electrical engineer, began his duties as a laboratory assistant to Edison in December

Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his " sketch " into a 230-page " Essay ", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.

The movement gained popularity in England in the wake of the Enlightenment and began to become a formal denomination in 1774 when Theophilus Lindsey organised meetings with Joseph Priestley, founding the first avowedly Unitarian congregation in the country, at Essex Street Church in London.

Founding leader Joseph Lyons began his political career as an Australian Labor Party politician and served as Premier of Tasmania.

In May of that year, Royal Navy officers and members of Vancouver's expedition, Joseph Whidbey and Peter Puget, began to map and explore the areas of what would later be named Puget Sound.

* In episode 17, season 5 of " Family Guy ", entitled " It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One ", the Griffin family is wearing powdered wigs in their living room and Stewie Griffin begins playing several classical compositions, including those by Joseph Haydn and George Frideric Handel, when Peter Griffin, as Salieri, says " Play Peter Griffin ", alluding to the 1984 film Amadeus, when the disguised Salieri character requests that Mozart imitate his compositional style.

Gavin MacLeod ( born Allan George See, February 28, 1931 ) is an American actor notable for playing Joseph " Happy " Haines on McHale's Navy, Murray Slaughter on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Captain Merrill Stubing on The Love Boat.

Joseph Wells managed to earn a meagre income, but little of it came from the shop ; Joseph received an unsteady amount of money from playing professional cricket for the Kent county team.

Cronin had been playing in a jazz ensemble called " The Strolling Dudes " with jazz trumpet player Rick Braun, Miles Joseph on lead guitar and Graham Lear on drums.

* January 17 – Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President Joseph Estrada, accused of playing Jueteng, end preeminently and trigger the second EDSA People Power Revolution or People Power II.

During Lenin's illness, Zinoviev, his close associate Kamenev, and Joseph Stalin formed a ruling ' triumvirate ' ( or ' troika ') in the Communist Party, playing a key role in the marginalization of Leon Trotsky.

" George Grossmith, playing Sir Joseph, went before the curtain to calm the panicked audience.

Thorpe was nominally the APFA's first president, but spent most of the year playing for Canton and a year later was replaced as president by Joseph Carr.

The production was considered one of the highlights of a remarkable Stratford season, and led to Gielgud ( who had done little film work to that time ) playing Cassius in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's 1953 film version.

However, early accounts of missions to the Jews, such as Epiphanius of Salamis ' record of the conversion of Count Joseph of Tiberias, and Sozomen's accounts of Jewish conversions, do not mention converted Jews playing any leading role in proselytization.

Joseph Ginsburg was a classically trained musician whose profession was playing the piano in cabarets and casinos ; he taught his children to play the piano.

For example, Philippe learned physics and mathematics from Joseph Sauveur ; and from Étienne Loulié he learned musical notation, elementary musical theory, plus the basics of playing the viol and the recorder.

The writing was taut, and the casting, which had always been a strong point of the series ( featuring such film stars as Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten, Henry Fonda, Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Ronald Colman, Marlene Dietrich, Eve McVeagh, Lena Horne, and Cary Grant ), took an unexpected turn when Lewis expanded the repertory to include many of radio's famous drama and comedy stars — often playing against type — such as Jack Benny.

The chairman of the Territorial Council's Enrolled Bills Committee, Joseph J. Rolette of Pembina, took the bill and hid in a St. Paul Hotel, drinking and playing cards with some friends as the City Police looked fruitlessly for him, until the end of the legislative session, too late for the bill to be signed.

It was around this time that he appeared in his first movie role, playing the character Joseph Manasse in the film drama Voyage of the Damned, starring Faye Dunaway.

During the 1950s, Bogarde came to prominence playing a hoodlum who shoots and kills a police constable in The Blue Lamp ( 1950 ) co-starring Jack Warner and Bernard Lee ; a handsome artist who comes to rescue of Jean Simmons during the World's Fair in Paris in So Long at the Fair, a film noir thriller ; an accidental murderer who befriends a young boy played by Jon Whiteley in Hunted ( aka The Stranger in Between ) ( 1952 ); in Appointment in London ( 1953 ) as a young Wing-Commander in Bomber Command who, against orders, opts to fly his 90th mission with his men in a major air offensive against the Germans ; an unjustly imprisoned man who regains hope in clearing his name when he learns his sweetheart, Mai Zetterling, is still alive in Desperate Moment ( 1953 ); Doctor in the House ( 1954 ), as a medical student, in a film that made Bogarde one of the most popular British stars of the 1950s, and co-starring Kenneth More, Donald Sinden and James Robertson Justice as their crabby mentor ; The Sleeping Tiger ( 1954 ), playing a neurotic criminal with co-star Alexis Smith, and Bogarde's first film for American expatriate director Joseph Losey ; Doctor at Sea ( 1955 ), co-starring Brigitte Bardot in one of her first film roles ; as a returning Colonial who fights the Mau-Mau with Virginia McKenna and Donald Sinden in Simba ( 1955 ); Cast a Dark Shadow ( 1955 ), as a man who marries women for money and then murders them ; The Spanish Gardener ( 1956 ), co-starring Michael Hordern, Jon Whiteley, and Cyril Cusack ; Doctor at Large ( 1957 ), again with Donald Sinden, another entry in the " Doctor films series ", co-starring later Bond-girl Shirley Eaton ; the Powell and Pressburger production Ill Met by Moonlight ( 1957 ) co-starring Marius Goring as the German General Kreipe, kidnapped on Crete by Patrick " Paddy " Leigh Fermor ( Bogarde ) and a fellow band of adventurers based on W. Stanley Moss ' real-life account of the WW2 caper ; A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ), a faithful retelling of Charles Dickens ' classic ; as a Flt.

After leaving the Rank Organisation in the early 1960s, Bogarde abandoned his heart-throb image for more challenging parts, such as barrister Melville Farr in Victim ( 1961 ), directed by Basil Dearden ; decadent valet Hugo Barrett in The Servant ( 1963 ), which garnered him a BAFTA Award, directed by Joseph Losey and written by Harold Pinter ; The Mind Benders ( 1963 ), a film ahead of its times in which Bogarde plays an Oxford professor conducting sensory deprivation experiments at Oxford University ( precursor to Altered States ( 1980 )); the anti-war film King & Country ( 1964 ), playing an army lawyer reluctantly defending deserter Tom Courtenay, directed by Joseph Losey ; a television broadcaster-writer Robert Gold in Darling ( 1965 ), for which Bogarde won a second BAFTA Award, directed by John Schlesinger ; Stephen, a bored Oxford University professor, in Losey's Accident, ( 1967 ) also written by Pinter ; Our Mother's House ( 1967 ), an off-beat film-noir directed by Jack Clayton in which Bogarde plays an n ' er do well father who descends upon " his " seven children on the death of their mother, British entry at the Venice Film Festival ; German industrialist Frederick Bruckmann in Luchino Visconti's La Caduta degli dei, The Damned ( 1969 ) co-starring Ingrid Thulin ; as ex-Nazi, Max Aldorfer, in the chilling and controversial Il Portiere di notte, The Night Porter ( 1974 ), co-starring Charlotte Rampling, directed by Liliana Cavani ; and most notably, as Gustav von Aschenbach in Morte a Venezia, Death in Venice ( 1971 ), also directed by Visconti ; as Claude, the lawyer son of a dying, drunken writer ( John Gielgud ) in the well-received, multi-dimensional French film Providence ( 1977 ), directed by Alain Resnais ; as industrialist Hermann Hermann who descends into madness in Despair ( 1978 ) directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder ; and as Daddy in Bertrand Tavernier's Daddy Nostalgie, ( aka These Foolish Things ) ( 1991 ), co-starring Jane Birkin as his daughter, Bogarde's final film role.

) ( 1962 ), playing sadistic Lieutenant Scott-Padget, co-starring Sir Alec Guinness ; I Could Go On Singing ( 1963 ), co-starring Judy Garland in her final screen role ; Hot Enough for June, ( aka " Agent 8¾ ") ( 1964 ), a James Bond-type spy spoof co-starring Robert Morley ; Modesty Blaise ( 1966 ), a campy spy send-up playing archvillain Gabriel opposite Monica Vitti and Terence Stamp and directed by Joseph Losey ; The Fixer ( 1968 ), based on Bernard Malamud's novel, co-starring Alan Bates ; Sebastian ( 1968 ), as Sebastian, a mathematician working on code decryption, who falls in love with Susannah York, a decrypter in the all-female decoding office he heads for British Intelligence, also co-starring Sir John Gielgud, and Lilli Palmer, co-produced by Michael Powell ; Oh!

In 1998, O ' Herlihy acted in his last film, The Rat Pack, playing Joseph P. Kennedy.

* Michael, Daniel, and Joseph Todd, playing Robbie, Stevie, and Charley Douglas respectively ( 1970 – 1972 )