But while sharing Kant's view that rights arise from dignity, Gewirth focused far more than Kant on the positive obligations that dignity imposed on humans, the moral requirement not only to avoid harming but to actively assist one another in achieving and maintaining a state of " well being ".

J. G. Fichte and Arthur Schopenhauer, for example, are sharply differing writers who focused on questions raised by Kant ; but Schopenhauer's doctrine of the will or Fichte's dialectical spin on transcendental idealism could hardly be seen as examples of inquiries that close off fundamental questions in order to consider technical problems of application.

Kant focused on religious issues, saying that " our rulers " had less interest in telling citizens what to think in regard to artistic and scientific issues.

Kant, as many other philosophers of the enlightenment, focused on the ‘ taste ’ of the individual rather than the ‘ form ’ of the object.

It took Immanuel Kant 25 years to write one of the first major treatises on anthropology, his Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View.

In 1898 he went back to Paris to write a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant at the Sorbonne, and to study in earnest with Widor.

German philosopher Immanuel Kant devised an argument from morality based on practical reason.

He also argues that alternative conceptions of morality exist which do not rely on the assumptions that Kant makes – he cites utilitarianism as an example which does not require the summum bonum.

In parallel with the revolutions against rising political absolutism based on established religion and the replacememt of faith by reasonable faith, new systems of metaphysics were promulgated in the lecture halls by charismatic professors, such as Immanuel Kant, Nietzsche and Hegel.

Ultimately this emphasis on production and construction goes back to the revolution wrought by Kant in philosophy, namely his focus in the Critique of Pure Reason on synthesis according to rules as the fundamental activity of the mind that creates the order of our experience.

Kant credited Hume with waking him up from his " dogmatic slumbers " and Hume has proved extremely influential on subsequent philosophy, especially on utilitarianism, logical positivism, William James, philosophy of science, early analytic philosophy, cognitive philosophy, and other movements and thinkers.

In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant elaborated on Wright's idea about the structure of the Milky Way.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that Kant confuses tautology and petitio principii, and ridicules his pride in tackling " the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics .".

Hegel called his philosophy " absolute " idealism in contrast to the " subjective idealism " of Berkeley and the " transcendental idealism " of Kant and Fichte, which were not based on a critique of the finite and a dialectical philosophy of history as Hegel's idealism was.

Rousseau's writings had an indirect influence on American literature through the writings of Wordsworth and Kant, whose works were important to the New England Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson, as well as on such Unitarians as theologian William Ellery Channing.

Immanuel Kant also had an important influence on the positivists, both positive and negative.

* the philosopher as critic: investigates the a priori conditions on which e. g. knowledge can exist ; Immanuel Kant.

Kant claimed it was Hume ’ s skepticism about the nature of inductive reasoning and the conclusions of rationalist metaphysicians ( Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz ) that " roused him from his dogmatic ( i. e. rationalist ) slumbers " and spurred him on to one of the most far reaching re-evaluations of human reason since Aristotle.

Thus Kant effects his “ Copernican ” revolution of knowledge by changing our perspective on knowledge from a question of “ what can truly be known ” ( i. e. how can we actually come to know universals ), to a question of “ how does the knowing mind operate .”

The second part of the 1st Critique is Kant ’ s examination of the rationalist claims to absolute knowledge, taking on the most famous of these, the ontological proof of God ’ s existence, and showing that he can, through pure, non-experiential logic, both prove the affirmative and the negative of a proposition about a “ noumenal object ” ( i. e. an object like “ God ” which can never be an object of direct experience for a contingent being ).

Given that both A and not-A are seen to be “ true ,” Kant concludes that it ’ s not that “ God doesn ’ t exist ” but that there is something wrong with how we are asking questions about God and how we have been using our rational faculties to talk about universals ever since Plato got us started on this track!

Berkeley's great contribution ( picked up on later by Kant ) was to demonstrate the preposterousness of referencing absolute knowledge, given that all knowledge is gained through contingent sensory experience.

Kant preferred republicanism to pure democracy, on the grounds that the latter may be the unrestricted rule of the majority, unrestrained by law.

A more analytical ecological approach on human geography was the one developed by Edgar Kant in his native Estonia in the 1930s and later at Lund University, which he called " anthropo-ecology ".

Adorno resumed his teaching duties at the university soon after his arrival, with seminars on " Kant ’ s Transcendental Dialectic ," aesthetics, Hegel, “ Contemporary Problems in the Theory of Knowledge ” and “ The Concept of Knowledge .” Adorno ’ s surprise at his students ' passionate interest in intellectual matters did not, however, blind him to continuing problems within Germany: The literary climate was dominated by writers who had remained in Germany during Hitler's rule, the government re-employed people who had been active in the Nazi apparatus and people were generally loath to own up to their own collaboration or the guilt they thus incurred.

Fichte is often perceived as a figure whose philosophy forms a bridge between the ideas of Kant and those of the German Idealist Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Sartre was influenced by many aspects of Western philosophy, adopting ideas from Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Søren Kierkegaard, Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, among others.

The freedom that Kant exposed is here a strong burden, for the freedom to act towards objects is ultimately useless, and the practical application of Kant's ideas proves to be bitterly rejected.

A man of the Enlightenment, Heinrich Marx was interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and Voltaire, and took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then governed by an absolute monarchy.

This position argues that the nature of reality is based only in our minds or ideas, and represents one of several divergent interpretations of Kant ’ s legacy.

It is perhaps no small exaggeration to claim that most western philosophers since Kant, even if they disagree with him, have had to find some way to respond to his revolutionary ideas.

Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant.

The philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant and Herder's ideas.

Whereas Kant declares limits to knowledge (" we can never know the thing in itself "), in his epistemological work, Rudolf Steiner sees ideas as " objects of experience " which the mind apprehends, much as the eye apprehends light.

In developing his ideas about psychology, Herbart came to disagree with Kant about how true knowledge is obtained.

Kant believed that we become knowledgeable through studying the innate categories of thought, while Herbart believed that one learns only from studying external and real objects in the world as well as the ideas that come about from observing them.

Four years later, in a work of greater length, he published Auguste Comte et la philosophie positive, which traces the origin of Comte's ideas through Turgot, Kant, and Saint-Simon.

Kant said that there are things-in-themselves, noumena, that is, things that exist other than being merely sensations and ideas in our minds.

What characterizes Fichte ’ s, Schelling ’ s, and Hegel ’ s speculative idealism in contrast to Kant ’ s critical idealism is the recurrence of metaphysical ideas from the rationalist tradition.

He wrote that, between the ages of twelve and fourteen, he read philosophy extensively, embracing the ideas of Leibniz, and rejecting those of Hume, Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Rousseau, and Kant.

Kant expanded and elucidated these ideas further in some of his later works, primarily the Critique of Practical Reason ( 1788, informally referred to as his Second Critique ), Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone ( 1793 ) and the Metaphysics of Morals ( 1797 ).

In chapter two, working with ideas derived from Charles Sanders Peirce and Immanuel Kant, Eco compares linguistic and perceptual meaning when confronted with the unencountered.

In the Appendix to the Critique of Speculative Theology Kant describes the role of the transcendental ideas of reason.

Kant, Garns, and Marx were among the first to suggest such an ambitious expansion of the power of ideas to inform the material realities of people's lives.

He combined Karl Marx's ideas with those of Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer and Eduard von Hartmann.

Another of Thomas Wright's ideas, which is also often attributed to Kant, was that many faint nebulae are actually incredibly distant galaxies.

Skillfully praising Frederick II of Prussia for his receptiveness to Enlightenment ideas, Kant imagines his enlightened prince instructing subjects, " Argue as much as you will, and about what you will, only obey!

Kant evidently divides the sublime into the mathematical and the dynamical, where in the mathematical " aesthetical comprehension " is not a consciousness of a mere greater unit, but the notion of absolute greatness not inhibited with ideas of limitations (§ 27 ).