The 9th-10th century master of the religious system known as " the nondual Shaivism of Kashmir " ( or " Kashmir Shaivism ") and aesthetician, Abhinavagupta brought rasa theory to its pinnacle in his separate commentaries on the Dhvanyāloka, the Dhvanyāloka-locana ( translated by Ingalls, Masson and Patwardhan, 1992 ) and the Abhinavabharati, his commentary on the Nātyashāstra, portions of which are translated by Gnoli and Masson and Patwardhan.

Hindu idealism is central to Vedanta philosophy and to such schools as Kashmir Shaivism.

In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism ; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose.

In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Trika and Kaula ( known today as Kashmir Shaivism ).

In Kashmir Shaivism, all things are believed to be a manifestation of Universal Consciousness ( Cit or Brahman ).

Thus, Kashmir Shaivism is also be categorized by some as propounding theistic monism or panentheism.

In medieval times the great Kashmir Valley School of Art, Culture and Philosophy Kashmir Shaivism arose.

He wrote a number of books on the subjects of Kundalini Shakti, Vedanta, and Kashmir Shaivism, including an autobiography entitled The Play of Consciousness.

Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme.

* Kashmir Shaivism philosophy

Other examples and interpretations might be found in Kashmir Shaivism and Tantra in general, Gnosticism, Sufism, and Kabbalah.

The Siddhanta tradition, like Kashmir Shaivism and Kaula, differs from the Vedic and Puranic worship of Shiva and also from the ancient Pasupati tradition by its adherence to texts called Agamas or Tantras, which lay down rites that may be performed by men of the first four varnas ( women in these varnas played marginal roles ) and describe a progressive, fourfold spiritual path of virtuous and moral living ( charya ), ritual ( kriya ), individual practice ( yoga ) and knowledge ( jnana, vidya ).

In the Hindu philosophy of Kashmir Shaivism ( Hindu tantra ), siddha also refers to a Siddha Guru who can by way of Shaktipat initiate disciples into Yoga.

Siddha Yoga is a spiritual path based on the Indian spiritual traditions of Vedanta and Kashmir Shaivism.

The Siddha Yoga tradition draws its teachings from the yogic philosophy of Vedanta, Kashmir Shaivism, and the Maharashtran poet-saints.

** Kashmir Shaivism, adheres to the teachings of Vasugupta and his disciplinic lineage, including Abhinavagupta

Vedanta ( Advaita Vedanta ), Ayyavazhi, shamanism, Hermeticism, Neoplatonism, Gnosticism, Kashmir Shaivism, Sant Mat / Surat Shabd Yoga, Sufism, Druze, Kabbalah, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, Rosicrucianism ( Esoteric Christian ), Eckankar, Ascended Master Teachings, etc.

* Kaula in Kashmir Shaivism

In his long life he completed over 35 works, the largest and most famous of which is Tantrāloka, an encyclopedic treatise on all the philosophical and practical aspects of Trika and Kaula ( known today as Kashmir Shaivism ).

In Kashmir Shaivism and especially in Kaula it is considered that a progeny of parents " established in the divine essence of Bhairava ", is endowed with exceptional spiritual and intellectual prowess.

Maurice's History of Hindostan also describes aspects of Kashmir that were copied by Coleridge in preparation for hymns he intended to write.

Led Zeppelin expert Dave Lewis describes " Kashmir " as:

Temptations of the West: How to be Modern in India, Pakistan and Beyond ( 2006 ), describes Mishra's travels through Kashmir, Bollywood, Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, and other parts of South and Central Asia.

Ahmad Shah and his forces invaded India four times, taking control of the Kashmir and the Punjab region.

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ).

The Rajatarangini is the first of a series of four histories that record the annals of Kashmir.

In 1819, the Kashmir valley passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh of Lahore.

The Hindu Tantras total ninety-two scriptures, where sixty four are purely Abheda ( literally " without differentiation ", or monistic ), known as the Bhairava Tantras or Kashmir Śaivite Tantras, eighteen are Bhedābheda ( literally " with differentiation and without differentiation " or monistic cum dualistic ), known as the Rudra Tantras ), and ten are completely Bheda ( literally " differentiated " or dualistic ), known as the Tantras.

Famous Char Chinar (" four chinar trees ") island on Dal lake, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

The Rajatarangini is the first of a series of four histories that record the annals of Kashmir.

By the early 19th century, the Kashmir valley had passed from the control of the Durrani Empire of Afghanistan, and four centuries of Muslim rule under the Mughals and the Afghans, to the conquering Sikh armies.

* 3 January-A landmine explodes in a busy vegetable market in the heart of Indian-ruled Kashmir, killing 15 people ; other border skirmishes with Pakistan kill a further four.

* 9 August-The security status of four districts of Jammu is changed, so that now all six districts of Jammu as well as all six districts of the Kashmir valley are designated " disturbed areas ", leaving Ladakh as the only part of Jammu and Kashmir not covered by the Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act of 1990.

Only 21 had actual state governments, and only four were large ( Hyderabad State, Mysore State, Jammu and Kashmir State, and Baroda State ).

By the beginning of the 20th century, relations between the British and the four largest states — Hyderabad, Mysore, Jammu and Kashmir, and Baroda — were directly under the control of the Governor-General of India, in the person of a British Resident.

According to a directive of the Government of India, planning for development of the Ravi and Beas rivers was initiated concurrently with the treaty negotiations, which involved four riparian states of Punjab, PEPSU ( this was merged with Punjab and subsequently Punjab was divided, and additionally the Haryana state was created ), Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir ( J & K ) within the ambit of the already developed Bhakra Nangal Dam project on the Sutlej River.

Most of the rulers of the princely states worked closely with a British political Agent who was responsible to the governor of a British province, but the four largest princely states, Hyderabad, Baroda, Mysore, and Jammu and Kashmir, had Residents directly under the authority of the viceroy.

All four members of Led Zeppelin have agreed that " Kashmir " is one of their best musical achievements.

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups, and every major religion is represented, as are four major families of languages ( Indo-European, Dravidian, Austro-Asiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages ) as well as two language isolates ( the Nihali language spoken in parts of Maharashtra and the Burushaski language spoken in parts of Jammu and Kashmir ).

Linked to the Kashmiri group al-Faran that kidnapped five Western tourists in Kashmir in July 1995 ; one, Hans Christian Ostrø, was killed in August 1995 and the other four reportedly were killed in December of the same year.

The Rai Dynasty dominions were vast, extending from Kashmir and Kanauj to Kandhar and Seistan and on the west to Mekran and a part of Debal, while on the south to Surat their capital was Alor and during their rule Sindh was divided into four provinces: Bahmanabad, Siwistan, Chachpur ( which comprised the greater part of Bahaw ' alpur Division ) and the province consisting of Multan and West Punjab.

Omar joined politics in 1998, as a Lok Sabha member, a feat he repeated in subsequent three elections and also remained a Union minister ; he took on the mantle of National Conference from his father in 2002, though he lost his own seat of Ganderbal during the 2002 state assembly elections, and so did his party, the political mandate ; four years later, he contested once again from the same seat and won in the 2008 Kashmir Elections.

He paved the way for later scholars for a cultural and religious renaissance in Kashmir which continued for four centuries till the forcible advent of Islam.

Akbar Khan was of the opinion – rightly or wrongly – that acceptance of the ceasefire in Kashmir when he was only four hours away from capturing Srinagar, was a mistake and the armed operation against the Indian Army should have been continued.

The wake-up call came in October 2008, when four young Malayalis were killed by Indian security forces in an alleged jihadi training camp in Kashmir.