Athens (;, Athína ; ; Katharevousa: Ἀθῆναι, Athinai ; Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athēnai ) is the capital and largest city of Greece.

The tradition of diglossia, the simultaneous existence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of Greek, was renewed in the modern era in the form of a polarization between two competing varieties: Dimotiki, the vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa, meaning ' purified ', an imitation of classical Greek, which was developed in the early 19th century and used for literary, juridic, administrative and scientific purposes in the newly formed modern Greek state.

The diglossia problem was brought to an end in 1976 ( Law 306 / 1976 ), when Dimotikí was declared the official language of Greece and it is still in use for all official purposes and in education, having incorporated features of Katharevousa, giving birth to Standard Greek.

Government documents and newspapers were consequently published in Katharevousa ( purified ) Greek, a form which few ordinary Greeks could read.

Marathon ( Demotic Greek: Μαραθώνας, Marathónas ; Attic / Katharevousa:, ) is a town in Greece, the site of the battle of Marathon in 490 BC, in which the heavily outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persians.

Salamis (, Ancient and Katharevousa: Σαλαμίς Salamís ), is the largest Greek island in the Saronic Gulf, about 1 nautical mile ( 2 km ) off-coast from Piraeus and about 16 km west of Athens.

Thermopylae (; Ancient and Katharevousa Greek, Demotic Θερμοπύλες: " hot gateways ") is a location in Greece where a narrow coastal passage existed in antiquity.

Chalcis or Chalkida (; Modern Greek: Χαλκίδα, Ancient Greek / Katharevousa: Χαλκίς ), the chief town of the island of Euboea in Greece, is situated on the strait of the Evripos at its narrowest point.

It has nevertheless had significant effects on the Greek language as it is still written and spoken today, and both vocabulary and grammatical and syntactical forms have re-entered Modern Greek via Katharevousa.

In the decades following World War II and the Greek Civil War, many Arvanites came under pressure to abandon Arvanitika in favour of monolingualism in the national language, and especially the archaizing Katharevousa which remained the official variant of Greek until 1976.

Lefkada, or Leucas or Leucadia (, ; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, Lefkás, ), is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge.

The name " Katharevousa " implies a pure form of Greek as it might hypothetically have evolved from ancient Greek without external influences.

Katharevousa was widely used in public documents and whatever was conceived as work of formal activity by Greek scholars.

Katharevousa was conceived by the intellectual and revolutionary leader Adamantios Korais.

In later years, Katharevousa was used for official and formal purposes ( such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting ), while Dimotiki ( δημοτική ), ' demotic ' or popular Greek, was the daily language.

This created a diglossic situation whereby most of the Greek population was excluded from the public sphere and advancement in education unless they conformed to Katharevousa.

In 1976, Dimotiki was made the official language, and in 1981 Andreas Papandreou abolished the polytonic system of writing ; by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete.

The Katharevousa form for the name of the city was Sérrai ( Σέρραι ).

The city has been linked with a number of significant social movements in the past, such as the early teaching of Dimotiki, by Delmouzos in the early 20th century ( when Katharevousa was the officially sanctioned version ).

Demotic refers particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from ancient Greek, in opposition to the artificially archaic Katharevousa, which was the official standard until 1976.

The standard form of Demotic which developed over the next few decades made more compromises with Katharevousa ( as is reflected in the contemporary standard ), and despite acrimony between the " psicharist " ( ψυχαρικοί ) radicals and the moderates, the radical strand was ultimately marginalised.

From the early nineteenth century until the mid twentieth century Katharevousa, a form of Greek, was used for literary purposes.

In later years, Katharevousa was used only for official and formal purposes ( such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting ) while Dhimotiki, ‘ demotic ’ or popular Greek, was the daily language.

The social consensus on the High and Low roles of the acrolect and basilect make Cypriot diglossia more like the diglossia of Greece in the mid 19th century ( when Dhimotiki was stigmatised ), and less like the diglossia of the 20th century ( when the consensus had broken down, and Dhimotiki and Katharevousa were competing to become the High language ).

The city was formerly known in Katharevousa as, Didymóteichon, from, dídymos, " twin " and, teîchos, " wall ".

His activities paved the way for the Greek War of Independence and the emergence of a purified form of the Greek language, known as Katharevousa.

Modern Greek may be argued to be a combination of the original Dimotiki and the traditional Katharevousa as stressed in the 19th century, combined with the institutional influence of Koine Greek.

The Ionian Islands ( Modern Greek: Ιόνια νησιά, Ionia nisia ; Ancient Greek, Katharevousa: Ἰόνιοι Νῆσοι, Ionioi Nēsoi ; ) are a group of islands in Greece.

Other examples include literary Katharevousa versus spoken Demotic Greek, the Dravidian Languages Kannada, Tamil and Telugu of southern India, with their high and low registers, and the triglossia of Arabic with the Classical Arabic of religion, the journalistic and literary Modern Standard Arabic, and the various regional spoken Arabic languages.

While Demotic is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the modern Greek language of today ( Standard Modern Greek ; Νεοελληνική Κοινή ) is more like a fusion of Demotic and Katharevousa ; it can be viewed as a variety of Demotic which has been enriched by " educated " elements.

Besides, even the most archaic forms of Katharevousa were never thought of as ancient Greek, but were always called " modern Greek ", so that the phrase " modern Greek " applies to Demotic, Standard Modern Greek and even Katharevousa.

Marousi ( Greek, Modern: Μαρούσι, Katharevousa: Αμαρούσιον-Amarousion ) is a suburban city NE of Athens, Greece.

Pelion or Pelium ( Modern, Pílio ; Ancient Greek / Katharevousa: Πήλιον.

Spetses ( Modern Greek: Σπέτσες, Katharevousa: Σπέτσαι, Spetsai, Ancient: Πιτυούσσα, " Pityoussa ") is an island and a municipality in the Islands regional unit, Attica, Greece.

Kechries ( Modern Greek: Κεχριές, rarely Κεχρεές ; Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Kenchreai-Κεγχρεαί ) is a village in the municipality of Corinth in Corinthia in Greece.

Lechaio ( Greek Modern: Λέχαιο, Ancient / Katharevousa :-n ) is a village in the municipality of Assos-Lechaio in Corinthia.

Antirrio ( Greek: Modern, Αντίρριο, pronounced, Ancient / Katharevousa: Antirrhion, Latin: Antirrhium ) is a former municipality in Aetolia-Acarnania, West Greece, Greece.

Tragano ( Greek, Modern: Τραγανό, Ancient / Katharevousa :-on ) is a town and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece.

Vyronas ( Greek, Modern: Βύρωνας, Ancient / Katharevousa: Βύρων-Vyron ) is a suburb in the northeastern part of Athens, Greece.

Palaio Faliro ( Greek, Modern: Παλαιό Φάληρο, Ancient / Katharevousa: Παλαιόν Φάληρον, meaning Old Faliro ) is a suburb in the southern part of Athens, Greece.

Moschato ( Greek, Modern: Μοσχάτο, Ancient / Katharevousa: Μοσχάτον ), is a suburb in the south southern part of Athens, Greece.

Zefyri ( Greek, Modern: Ζεφύρι, Ancient / Katharevousa: Zefyrion ) is a suburb and former municipality in West Attica, Greece.

Koropi ( Greek, Modern: Κορωπί, Ancient / Katharevousa :-on ), is a suburb in the eastern part of Athens, Greece.