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Demotic refers particularly to the form of the language that evolved naturally from ancient Greek, in opposition to the artificially archaic Katharevousa, which was the official standard until 1976.
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Demotic and refers
Demotic ( from dēmotikós, " popular ") refers to either the ancient Egyptian script derived from northern forms of hieratic used in the Delta, or the stage of the Egyptian language following Late Egyptian and preceding Coptic.
Demotic and particularly
Brugsch's services to Egyptology are most important, particularly in the decipherment of Demotic and the making of a vast Hieroglyphic-Demotic dictionary ( 1867 – 1882 ).
Early Demotic ( often referred to by the German term Frühdemotisch ) developed in Lower Egypt during the later part of the 25th dynasty, particularly found on stelae from the Serapeum at Saqqara.
After the reunification of Egypt under Psametik I, Demotic replaced Abnormal Hieratic in Upper Egypt, particularly during the reign of Amasis when it became the official administrative and legal script.
Demotic and form
The Greek people spoke a form of Greek called Demotic.
Coptic is written using the Coptic alphabet, a modified form of the Greek alphabet with a number of symbols borrowed from Demotic for sounds that did not occur in Ancient Greek.
Demotic Greek (, " of the people ") or dimotiki is the modern vernacular form of the Greek language.
The standard form of Demotic which developed over the next few decades made more compromises with Katharevousa ( as is reflected in the contemporary standard ), and despite acrimony between the " psicharist " ( ψυχαρικοί ) radicals and the moderates, the radical strand was ultimately marginalised.
* trên and tartên " two " ( masculine and feminine form respectively ) as compared to Demotic Arabic tnēn and tintēn ( from Proto-Semitic * ṯnaimi and * ṯnataimi ).
There were two graphic forms of the Meroitic alphabet: a monumental epigraphic form taken from Egyptian hieroglyphs, and a cursive form derived from Demotic Egyptian.
Upon reaching the shores of Greece via sailing merchants, it is proposed that the Greek alphabet was developed by a combination of the Phoenician form and the Egyptian Demotic.
Demotic ( Greek for " of the people " or " folkish "); with the meaning of the vernacular form of a language, it may refer to:
But, as it was increasingly used for only literary and religious purposes, the written language diverged more and more from the spoken form, giving Late Demotic texts an artificial character, similar to the use of classical Middle Egyptian during the Ptolemaic Period.
Demotic and language
Liberals favoured recognising Demotic as the national language, but conservatives and the Orthodox Church resisted all such efforts, to the extent that, when the New Testament was translated into Demotic in 1901, riots erupted in Athens and the government fell ( the Evangeliaka ).
The word for oasis in the later attested Coptic language ( the descendant of Demotic Egyptian ) is wahe or ouahe which means a ' dwelling place '.
Demotic Egyptian first appears about 650 BC and survived as a spoken language until the fifth century AD.
The core lexicon of Coptic is Egyptian, being most closely related to the preceding Demotic phase of the language.
The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic and is the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language.
The Old Nubian alphabet — used to write Old Nubian, a Nilo-Saharan language — is written mainly in an uncial Greek alphabet, which borrows Coptic and Meroitic letters of Demotic origin into its inventory.
Terryl Givens has suggested that the characters are early examples of Egyptian symbols being used " to transliterate Hebrew words and vice versa ," that Demotic is a " reformed Egyptian ," and that the mixing of a Semitic language with modified Egyptian characters is demonstrated in inscriptions of ancient Syria and Palestine.
He decided to purge the Demotic ( the vernacular or spoken language ) of foreign elements.
The two complemented each other in a typical example of diglossia until the resolution of the Greek language question in favour of Demotic.
Demotic is often thought to be the same as the modern Greek language, but these two terms are not completely synonymous.
While Demotic is a term applied to the naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, the modern Greek language of today ( Standard Modern Greek ; Νεοελληνική Κοινή ) is more like a fusion of Demotic and Katharevousa ; it can be viewed as a variety of Demotic which has been enriched by " educated " elements.
It is not wrong to call the spoken language of today Demotic, but such a terminology ignores the fact that modern Greek contains-especially in a written or official form-numerous words, grammatical forms and phonetical features that didn't exist in colloquial speech and only entered the language through its archaic variety.
They were not present in traditional Demotic and only entered the modern language through Katharevousa ( sometimes as neologisms ), where they are used mostly in writing ( for instance, in newspapers ), but also orally.
He oversaw the educational reform, the institution of the Demotic Greek as the formal language in schools, and the reform of the school curricula.
The fall of the Junta of 1974 and the end of the era of Metapolítefsi 1974 – 1976 brought the acceptance of the Demotic dialect as both the de facto and de jure forms of the language for use by the Greek government, though the Katharevousa movement has left marks in the language.
Demotic and evolved
" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.
Demotic and from
The word oasis comes into English via from, which in turn is a direct borrowing from Demotic Egyptian.
He also noticed that these characters resembled the equivalent ones in the Demotic script, and went on to note as many as 80 similarities between the hieroglyphic and demotic texts on the stone, an important discovery because the two scripts were previously thought to be entirely different from one another.
Demotic was written using a script derived from hieratic ; its appearance is vaguely similar to modern Arabic script and is also written from right to left ( although the two are not related ).
However, most words of Egyptian origin that entered into Greek, and subsequently into other European languages, came directly from ancient Egyptian ( often Demotic ).
Coptic therefore is a reference both to the most recent stage of Egyptian after Demotic, and to the new writing system that was adapted from the Greek alphabet.
Coptic uses a writing system almost wholly derived from the Greek alphabet, with the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in Demotic Egyptian.
A number of letters, however, were derived from Demotic, and many of these ( though not all ) are used in " true " Coptic writing.
Coptic is largely based on the Greek alphabet, another help in interpreting older Egyptian texts, with 24 letters of Greek origin ; 6 or 7 more were retained from Demotic, depending on the dialect ( 6 in Sahidic, another each in Bohairic and Akhmimic ).
This Demotic text, known from more than forty fragmentary copies, consists of a dialogue between a person called " The-one-who-loves-knowledge " and a figure that Jasnow and Zauzich identify as Thoth.
Fragments from the Cairo Genizah and others written in Coptic and Demotic on papyrus round out the collection.
This may have also been assisted by the eventual availability of papyrus as well as the evolution of the hieroglyphs into the more comprehensible forms of Hieratic ( from the Greek ' hieros ' meaning ' sacred ' and coined by Herodotus ( c. 484-424 BCE )) and Demotic.
He is known from Aramaic and ancient Greek sources, and is mentioned in the Demotic Chronicle.
By convention, the word " Demotic " is capitalized in order to distinguish it from demotic Greek.
From the 4th century BC onwards, Demotic held a higher status, as may be seen from its increasing use for literary and religious texts.
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