In 1086 Yusuf ibn Tashfin was invited by the taifa Muslim princes of the Iberian Peninsula ( Al-Andalus ) to defend their territories from Alfonso VI, King of León and Castile.

Afonso I was the son of Henry of Burgundy and Theresa of León, the natural daughter of King Alfonso VI of León.

Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII of León ( Afonso's cousin ) regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

He divorced Matilda in 1253 and, in the same year, married Beatrice of Castile, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X, King of Castile, and Mayor Guillén de Guzmán ( Maria de Guzman ).

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

Alfonso XII ( born Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo ) ( Madrid, 28 November 1857 – El Pardo, 25 November 1885 ) was King of Spain, reigning from 1874 to 1885, after a coup d ' état restored the monarchy and ended the ephemeral First Spanish Republic.

Alfonso was the son of Queen Isabella II of Spain, and allegedly, of her husband and King Consort, Francis, Duke of Cádiz.

He assumed the title of Alfonso XII, for although no King of united Spain had borne the name " Alfonso XI ", the Spanish monarchy was regarded as continuous with the more ancient monarchy represented by the 11 kings of Asturias, León and Castile also named Alfonso.

Alfonso XIII ( Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Austria-Lorena ; 17 May 1886 – 28 February 1941 ) was King of Spain from 1886 until 1931.

Alfonso was born in Madrid, posthumously born son of Alfonso XII of Spain, and became King of Spain upon his birth.

Once the Spanish Civil War broke out, Alfonso made it clear he favoured the military uprising against the Popular Front government, but General Francisco Franco in September 1936 declared that the Nationalists would never accept Alfonso as King ( the supporters of the rival Carlist pretender made up an important part of the Franco Army ).

On 15 January 1941, Alfonso XIII abdicated his rights to the Spanish throne in favour of his third ( of four ), but second-surviving, son Juan, father of the current King, Juan Carlos.

1929 portrait of King Alfonso XIIIOn 31 May 1906, at the Royal Monastery of San Geronimo in Madrid, Alfonso married Scottish-born Princess Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg ( 1887 – 1969 ), a niece of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

* Infante Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso of Spain ( 1913 – 1993 ), named heir to the throne and Count of Barcelona, whose son is the current King, Juan Carlos I of Spain.

* Order of the Chrysanthemum, 1930: Emperor Showa's second brother, Prince Takamatsu, traveled to Madrid to confer the Great Collar of the Chrysanthemum on King Alfonso.

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

King Björn met Ansgar in Birka when he arrived there in 829 ( Chapter XI ).

* TIB = The Interpreter ’ s Bible, The Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised Standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition for each book of the Bible in twelve volumes, George Arthur Buttrick, Commentary Editor, Walter Russell Bowie, Associate Editor of Exposition, Paul Scherer, Associate Editor of Exposition, John Knox Associate Editor of New Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Samuel Terrien, Associate Editor of Old Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Nolan B. Harmon Editor, Abingdon Press, copyright 1955 by Pierce and Washabaugh, set up printed, and bound by the Parthenon Press, at Nashville, Tennessee, Volume XI, Philippians, Colossians and Exegesis by Francis W. Beare, Exposition by G. Preston MacLeod, Thessalonians, Pastoral Epistles First and Second Epistles to Timothy, and the Epistle to Titus, Philemon, Hebrews

: King Alfonso XI of Castile attempted to retake Gibraltar aided by the fleet of the Castilian Admiral Alonso Jofre Tenorio.

King Louis XI and later his allies, the Old Swiss Confederacy, faced Charles the Bold during the Burgundian Wars ( 1474 – 1477 ).

It was under these conditions that Pope Gregory XI, who in January, 1377, had gone from Avignon to Rome, sent on 22 May five copies of his bull against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the others to the Bishop of London, King Edward III, the Chancellor, and the university ; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State.

* 1350 – King Alfonso XI of Castile ( b. 1312 )

In July 1461, Pius II canonized Saint Catherine of Siena, and in October of the same year he gained at first what appeared to be a brilliant success by inducing the new King of France, Louis XI, to abolish the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, by which the Pope's authority in France had been grievously impaired.

After his death, his canonization was demanded by King Valdemar IV of Denmark and promised by his successor, Pope Gregory XI, as early as 1375, but this did not take place owing to the disorders of the time.

Tachard, with Ayutthaya Kingdom | Siam ese envoys, translating the letter of King Narai to Pope Innocent XI, December 1688

In 2007, researchers Rita Monaldi and Francesco Sorti, drew popular attention to the claim, repeatedly made by historians over the centuries, that Innocent XI had secretly funded the resistance of the Protestant hero William of Orange to the French King, and even financed his overthrow of James II of England.

Sixtus continued a dispute with King Louis XI of France, who upheld the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges ( 1438 ), according to which papal decrees needed royal assent before they could be promulgated in France.

This was a cornerstone of the privileges claimed for the Gallican Church, and could never be shifted as long as Louis XI maneuvered to replace King Ferdinand I of Naples with a French prince.

* Louis XI, King of France ( 1423 – 1483 ).

* July 13 – Battle of Montlhéry: Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of the great nobles organized as the League of the Public Weal.

* August 30 – King Louis XI of France ( b. 1423 )

* November 24 – King Charles XI of Sweden ( d. 1697 )

* April 5 – King Charles XI of Sweden ( stomach cancer ) ( b. 1655 )

* Eric XI becomes King of Sweden.

The Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law, with Louis XI, King of France vigorously contesting the Habsburg claim to the Burgundian inheritance by means of military force.

On hearing this, King Louis XI, who was the son of one of King René's sisters, seeing that his expectations were thus completely frustrated, seized the duchy of Anjou.

He was the second son of King Afonso II of Portugal and his wife, Urraca of Castile ; he succeeded his brother, King Sancho II of Portugal, who was removed from the throne on 4 January 1248.

In 1309, Afonso IV married Infanta Beatrice of Castile, daughter of King Sancho IV of Castile by his wife Maria de Molina.

Civil war between King Pedro of Castile and his half-brother Henry of Trastámara led to the exile of many Castilian nobles to Portugal.

Afonso married Beatrice of Castile ( 1293 – 1359 ) in 1309, daughter of Sancho IV, King of Castile, and María de Molina and had four sons and three daughters.

In 1474, King Henry IV of Castile died without a male heir.

He proclaimed himself King of Castile and León and prepared to defend his wife's rights.

During his marriage, he had called himself " King and Emperor of Castile, Toledo, Aragón, Pamplona, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza " in recognition of his rights as Urraca's husband ; of his inheritance of the lands of his father, including the kingdom of his great-uncle Gonzalo ; and his prerogative to conquer Andalusia from the Muslims.

* Alfonso of Castile, Prince of Asturias, figurehead of rebelling magnates against his brother King Henry IV of Castile.

Born at Poissy, Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile.

She was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.

By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and the Spanish Infanta Constance of Castile.

* 1285 – King Ferdinand IV of Castile ( d. 1312 )

He had accompanied as canon Diego de Acebo, Bishop of Osma on a diplomatic mission to Denmark, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark.

By the time of her death, she had outlived all her children except for King John and Eleanor, Queen of Castile.