In the first through sixth edition of Kraepelin's influential psychiatry textbook, there was a section on moral insanity, which meant then a disorder of the emotions or moral sense without apparent delusions or hallucinations, and which Kraepelin defined as ' lack or weakness of those sentiments which counter the ruthless satisfaction of egotism '.

Kurt Schneider criticized Kraepelin's nosology for appearing to be a list of behaviors that he considered undesirable, rather than medical conditions, though Schneider's alternative version has also been criticised on the same basis.

Both the DSM-I and the DSM-II reflected the predominant psychodynamic psychiatry, although they also included biological perspectives and concepts from Kraepelin's system of classification.

In that sense, not only is Kraepelin's significance historical, but contemporary psychiatric research is also heavily influenced by his work.

The concept of the bipolar spectrum is similar to that of Emil Kraepelin's original concept of manic depressive illness.

Thus, Kraepelin's system is a method for pattern recognition, not grouping by common symptoms.

Kraepelin's great contribution in classifying schizophrenia and manic-depression remains relatively unknown to the general public, and his work, which had neither the literary quality nor paradigmatic power of Freud's, is little read outside scholarly circles.

( Refuting Kraepelin's big idea is the starting chapter of this book.

Huub Engels ( 2009 ) argues that schizophrenic speech disorder may be understandable as Emil Kraepelin's dream speech is understandable.

Closely related to this description is Kraepelin's description from 1905 of a pseudo-querulous personality who is

Meyer's critical role in reframing Emil Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept into a uniquely American psychogenic republic of " reactions " is detailed in Richard Noll, American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011 ).

In April 1906, Mrs Deter died and Alzheimer had the patient records and the brain brought to Munich where he was working at Kraepelin's lab.

Since German was the lingua franca of science ( and especially of psychiatry ) at that time, Kraepelin's use of Alzheimer's disease in a textbook made the name famous.

Kraepelin's major work, " Compendium der Psychiatrie ", was first published in 1883.

The German American Rockefeller family's Rockefeller Foundation made a large donation enabling the development of a new dedicated building for the institute, along Kraepelin's guidelines, which was officially opened in 1928.

It later became clear that dementia praecox did not necessarily lead to mental decline and was thus renamed schizophrenia by Eugen Bleuler to correct Kraepelin's misnomer.

Brune states that Kraepelin's nosological system was ' to a great deal, built on the degeneration paradigm '.

* Extensive bibliography of works by and about Kraepelin's including those in the original German

In 1902 he became director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospital system ( shortly afterwards given its present name, The Psychiatric Institute ), where in the next few years he shaped much of American psychiatry by emphasizing the importance of keeping detailed patient records and by introducing both Emil Kraepelin's classificatory system and Sigmund Freud's ideas.

The issues would today mainly be considered under the category of personality disorders, or in terms of Kraepelin's focus Antisocial / Dissocial personality disorder or psychopathy.

Kraepelin's classification gained popularity, including the separation of mood disorders from what would later be termed schizophrenia.

Kraepelin's contributions were to a large extent marginalized throughout a good part of the twentieth century, during the success of Freudian etiological theories.

In Kraepelin's classification this would include ' unipolar ' clinical depression, as well as bipolar disorder and other mood disorders such as cyclothymia.

Bleuler successfully introduced the term schizophrenia to replace Kraepelin's term dementia praecox through his seminal study of 1911, Dementia Praecox, oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien.

* July 15-Publication of the eighth edition of Emil Kraepelin's Psychiatrie: Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Arzte, naming Alzheimer's disease as a variety of dementia.

Schneider coined the terms endogenous depression, derived from Emil Kraepelin's use of the adjective to mean biological in origin, and reactive depression, more usually seen in outpatients, in 1920.

Rather than proving the existence of God, Kant was attempting to demonstrate that all moral thought requires the assumption that God exists.

This argument rests on the assumption that one can have a " moral " discussion on various scales ; that is, what is " good " for: a certain part of your being ( leaving open the possibility of conflicting motives ), you as a single individual, your family, your society, your species, your type of species.

The argument clearly depends on the assumption that if " good " were definable, it would be an analytic truth about " good ," an assumption many contemporary moral realists like Richard Boyd and Peter Railton reject.

He departed from Hobbes in that, based on the assumption of a society in which moral values are independent of governmental authority and widely shared, he argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property.

The assumption that imports carry moral hazards, and that tax, trade, tariff measures should compensate for harms done, is shared by advocates of fair trade whose programs address, in addition, more overt social justice concerns of human beings, such as the maintenance of the " human capital " of a region.

The book attempts to explain why Eurasian civilizations ( in which he includes North Africa ) have survived and conquered others, while refuting the assumption that Eurasian hegemony is due to any form of Eurasian intellectual, moral or inherent genetic superiority.

This doctrine is based on the assumption that the physical as well as the moral world consists of a series of contrasts mutually at war, yet pacified and equalized by the unity, God.

Passing over the appeal to final causes involved in this passage, as well as the assumption that the " moral sense " has had no growth or history, but was " implanted " in man exactly as found among the more civilized races — an assumption common to both Hutcheson and Butler — his use of the term " sense " tends to obscure the real nature of the process of moral judgement.

" Kennedy reviewed the assumption the court made in Bowers, using the words of Chief Justice Burger's concurring opinion in that case, that " Condemnation of practices is firmly rooted in Judeao-Christian moral and ethical standards.

It takes emergency situations for them to lend aid to each other, but this is conditional aid based on the assumption that certain moral codes will be preserved regardless of faith.

Many years later, Milton Friedman used this assumption in arguing that corporations have no moral responsibility because, he contended, they are not individuals capable of responding to moral claims.

Other psychologists have questioned the assumption that moral action is primarily a result of formal reasoning.

Riggs defended Tongues Untied for its ability to “ shatter this nation's brutalizing silence on matters of sexual and racial difference .” He explained that the widespread attack on PBS and the National Endowment for the Arts by moral critics in response to the film was predictable, since “ any public institution caught deviating from their puritanical morality is inexorably blasted as contributing to the nation's social decay .” In his defense, Riggs claimed that “ implicit in the much overworked rhetoric about ' community standards ' is the assumption of only one central community ( patriarchal, heterosexual and usually white ) and only one overarching cultural standard ( ditto ) to which television programming must necessarily appeal .” Riggs stated that ironically, the censorship campaign against Tongues Untied actually brought more publicity to the film than it would have otherwise received and thus allowed it to achieve its initial aim of challenging societal standards regarding depictions of race and sexuality.

The defect of these proposals is in their attempt to outrun history and their assumption that because something may be desirable it is also possible.

In this view, Christianity is seen as a religion in its own right, rather than a subset of Judaism, if one makes the common assumption that Judaism is not universal, however see Noahide Laws and Christianity and Judaism for details.

However, the continuum assumption considers fluids to be continuous, rather than discrete.

Rationality ( here equated with " wanting more rather than less of a good ") is widely used as an assumption of the behavior of individuals in microeconomic models and analysis and appears in almost all economics textbook treatments of human decision-making.

A recent assessment about the early history of the inverse square law is that " by the late 1660s ," the assumption of an " inverse proportion between gravity and the square of distance was rather common and had been advanced by a number of different people for different reasons ".

A recent assessment about the early history of the inverse square law is that " by the late 1660s ," the assumption of an " inverse proportion between gravity and the square of distance was rather common and had been advanced by a number of different people for different reasons ".

Proponents of using the terms rather than terms like " non-transsexual " or " non-trans " have argued that it calls attention to and unsettles the assumption that people, by default, have an internal sense of being male or female that matches the sex marker they were assigned at birth: for example, Jillana Enteen wrote that " cissexual " is " meant to show that there are embedded assumptions encoded in expecting this seamless conformity.

These fragments disappointed Romantic scholars as not matching the writer's great reputation, partly because Fronto's teachings, with their emphasis on studying ancient writers in search of striking words, were not in accordance with current fashion ( Italy, where not only Mai but Leopardi enthused over them, was an exception ), partly because they gave no support to the assumption that Fronto had been a wise counsellor to Marcus Aurelius ( indeed, they contain no trace of political advice ), partly because his frequent complaints about ill-health, especially those collected in book 5 of Ad M. Caesarem, aroused more annoyance than compassion ; these adverse judgements were reversed once Fronto was read for what he was rather than what he was not, as already in the sympathetic treatment by Dorothy Brock, Studies in Fronto and his Age ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 ).

The difference between cladistics and more traditional forms of statistical analysis is that, rather than simply arranging the manuscripts into rough groupings according to their overall similarity, cladistics assumes that they are part of a branching family tree and uses that assumption to derive relationships between them.

With this basic assumption underlying their calculations, the valuations produced serve to reinforce gender inequalities rather than challenge women's subordination.

Omitting the definite article " the " with " public good " avoids the dubious assumption that there is ever a single, knowable public good, and in any case people rarely if ever agree on what that might be ; rather, this definition merely says that the benefactor intends a " public " rather than an exclusively " private " good or benefit.

These theories can be formulated in three spatial dimensions and one dimension of time, although in some LQG theories dimensionality is an emergent property of the theory, rather than a fundamental assumption of the theory.

The goal then is not to confirm a specific suspicion of poor job-performance by a particular reader, but rather to confirm a general assumption that the proofreading staff needs ongoing monitoring.

Although Austin agrees with ( 2 ), quipping that " we should be in a pretty predicament if I did ", he found ( 1 ) to be false and ( 3 ) to be therefore unnecessary. The background assumption to ( 1 ), Austin claims, is that if I say that I know X and later find out that X is false, I did not know it. Austin believes that this is not in line with the way we actually use language. He claims that if I was in a position where I would normally say that I know X, if X should turn out to be false, I would be speechless rather than self-corrective.

After the assumption of government by civilians, it became the command formation for the troops in Germany only, rather than being responsible for administration as well.

While with Washoe, the Gardners and Fouts were careful to only communicate in ASL with Washoe, rather than using vocal communication, on the assumption that this would create a less confusing learning environment for Washoe.

The idea is to assume mediocrity, rather than starting with the assumption that a phenomenon is special, privileged or exceptional.

* Goodwin, Gribbin, and Hendry's 1997 Hubble Parameter measurement relying on the mediocrity principle The authors call this the ' Principle of Terrestrial Mediocrity ' even though the assumption they make is that the Milky Way Galaxy is typical ( rather than Earth ).

Jeffrey Alexander ( 1985 ) sees functionalism as a broad school rather than a specific method or system, such as Parsons, who is capable of taking equilibrium ( stability ) as a reference-point rather than assumption and treats structural differentiation as a major form of social change.

The equation is a useful approximation for self-gravitating gaseous spheres such as stars, but typically it is a rather limiting assumption.

cloud computing, he was correct in his assumption that significant economies of scale and efficiencies could be achieved by relying on massive, centralized data centers rather than an over-reliance on storage in end units.

However, a close parsing of his words can perhaps allow Lancelot to retain his honorable word, for he never says that he has not lain with the queen, but rather that if anyone makes such a claim, he will fight them ( the assumption being that God will cause the liar to lose ).

Some philosophers, in particular, worry that the arguments against ceteris paribus analyses depend on a tacit reductionism about analysis: The assumption seems to be that, in order to give a conceptual analysis of a concept C, you must be able to explain C entirely in terms that have nothing to do with C. For these philosophers, a ceteris paribus clause may be indicative of virtuous circularity in an analysis rather than vicious circularity: That is, that we cannot ultimately explain ( say ) causation in terms that do not tacitly or explicitly have causal implications ; but rather than indicating the need for further analysis, they argue, the ineliminable dependence on ceteris paribus clauses or further causal talk may just show that causality cannot be explained in non-causal terms, but rather that terms like " natural law " and " cause " and " accident " can be explained only in terms of one another, by elucidating the connections between them.